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- .sill :;?'.. . **. .■* 







The Planting 

From a photograph of a paintirg by Fran 




Jp s'T'HE Colony 

\ r, in the State House at Annapolis 



LEADING EVENTS 



OF 



MARYLAND HISTORY 



WITH TOPICAL ANALYSES, REFERENCES, AND 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT 

AND RESEARCH 



BY 



J. MONTGOMERY GAMBRILL 

ASSISTANT STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION IN MARYLAND: 

FORMERLY INSTRUCTOR IN HISTORY AND CIVICS IN THE 

BALTIMORE POLYIECHNIC INSTITUTE 



GINN & COMPANY 

BOSTON . NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON 



Fis 



G^ 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

NOV 10 I9U4 

Copyriifiii tntry 
CLASS ^ XXc. Noi 

COPY e. 



jn 



Copyright, 1903, 1904, by 
JOHN MONTGOMERY GAMBRILL 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 



64. 



Typography by The Norwood Press, Norwood, Mass. 
Presswork by The Athen^um Press, Cambridge, Mass. 



\ 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 

It is very much the fashion nowadays to write a preface to 
a text-book that is really an apology for its appearance. If not 
an apology, at least I am willing to offer an explanation for the 
writing of this little book. Several histories of Maryland have 
been published since the Civil War for the alleged purpose of 
furnishing a text for schools. It cannot be denied that these 
books have not been altogether reliable historically, and none 
of them can be said to contain the features of the best modern 
texts in history, or to be pedagogically adapted to the uses of 
the schoolroom. A word on each of these phases of the subject 
seems necessary. 

The material used in the preparation of this book includes, it 
is believed, the principal matter in print relating to the subjects 
treated, and embraces contemporary writings, letters, commis- 
sions, warrants, newspapers, etc., and the printed state archives ; 
in addition the manuscript sources have been used. The results 
of exhaustive original research are not embodied in elementary 
text-books ; and while this work is not put forth with such pre- 
tensions, it is hoped that it may justly claim to be much more 
than the lifeless compilations that so often masquerade as state 
histories (for schools). 

Great pains have been taken to verify matter that seemed doubt- 
ful, while the controverted points have been carefully studied. On 
these points, such, for example, as the reasons for the Calvert 
policy of toleration, or the conduct of Captain Richard Ingle, or 



iv PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 

the attitude of Maryland at the outbreak of the Civil War, it is 
impossible for all students of the subject to agree. I have tried 
to weigh the material carefully and intelligently, and to present 
as far as possible the actual facts, leaving the pupil to his own 
inferences. 

The Hmitations of a book of this kind are so severe that it is a 
serious problem what to leave out, and of course judgments will 
differ as to the facts best to omit. I have endeavored to make 
the book as comprehensive as possible, to omit only facts of 
minor importance, and to treat as fully as possible the " Leading 
Events." At the same time there are some facts of importance 
which it is impossible to treat profitably in a work of this kind, 
owing to the great amount of explanation necessary to a young 
pupil. A good example is the contest between Cecilius Calvert 
and the Jesuits over the statute of mortmain and the bull In 
Ccena Domini^ the results of which extend to the present day. 

The point to which special attention has been given, and which 
I think is particularly the justification of a new text-book in 
Maryland history, is the pedagogics of the subject. The attain- 
ments and attitude of the pupil must first be considered. Many 
things which we take as matters of course, the young pupil does 
not understand ; he has, for instance, but the vaguest conception 
of religious persecution and toleration. In most cases the pupil 
beginning to study Maryland history has but the slightest knowl- 
edge of United States history, and none whatever of the history 
of England. These facts cannot be ignored without disastrous 
consequences. I have given a brief explanation of rehgious per- 
secution and intolerance, and have not assumed any knowledge, 
on the part of the pupil, of English or American history. As a 
rule, separate sections have been devoted to the statement of so 
much of this history as was necessary to an understanding of the 
matter in hand. While clearness and simplicity of style have 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION V 

been attempted, care has been taken not to run to the extreme, 
and unfamiliar terms that must be met with again and again in 
the study of history have been freely introduced. 

A few special features, hitherto neglected in Maryland his- 
tories, will need mention. The attention of the teachers using 
the book is particularly called to these features. 

(a) Topical Treatment. — The treatment is strictly topical 
rather than chronological. No arrangement of matter has been 
made with reference to such artificial and arbitrary consideration 
as number of pages or extent of time considered. On the other 
hand, both chapters and paragraphs have been arranged with 
reference to the grouping of events. The chapter headings can 
be readily and profitably used in connection with the topical 
analyses for blackboard diagrams and review schemes. 

(b) Topical Analyses. — These are arranged in the form of 
topics and questions. When desired, the topics can easily be 
converted into questions. It is a mistake for the teacher to de- 
pend very much on ready-made questions, and a greater one for 
pupils to study by them. It is, therefore, desirable that this 
material be used for definite ends under the guidance of the 
teacher. An excellent way of conducting the study would be, 
first to read the chapter in class, with discussions, explanations, 
readings from other works, etc., and follow this with recitation 
work from the topics. 

(c) Questions for Original Thought and Research. — These 
have several objects. In the first place, they should discourage 
the extraordinary amount of rote work that is done in history. 
If the study is to have any value except for training the 
mechanical memory, it is indispensable that the pupil do some 
thinking for himself. Some of the questions require enough 
original thinking for the formation of an opinion, and nothing 
further. Others require some investigation, though of course 



vi PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION 

of a most elementary character. In most cases some book in 
use in the schooh'oom, a geography, a United States history, or 
a work on civics, will contain the information asked ; in other 
cases the pupil will be obliged to gain his information from his 
teacher, a parent, or some other person. The essential thing is 
that the pupil have some training in finding out things for him- 
self, and that he be required to make some effort before he 
receives help. It is not intended that every pupil, nor indeed 
every class, shall use all this material ; it must be used accord- 
ing to the age and advancement of the pupils. Different in- 
quiries may be assigned to different members of the class for 
investigation. I am not unaware that some of the questions 
are too difficult for the immature student to form a really well- 
grounded opinion upon; but merely to show him that the ques- 
tion exists and to set his mind to work upon it, is to accomplish 
a good deal. 

(d) References. — The references at the ends of the chapters 
are in most cases to books that can readily be procured at a 
comparatively small cost. Few of the rural schools, at least, 
will be able to use or even to have them all ; but even a very 
little work with books of this kind will add wonderfully to the 
interest and profit of the study. An extended bibliography 
follows the appendix. 

(e) TJie Index. — Special pains have been taken to make the 
index valuable. Such topics as General Assembly, Governor, 
Religion, Popular Privileges, etc., impart an analytical character 
to the index that will render it particularly valuable for topi- 
cal reviews, special studies, or investigation of any particular 
development. 

The study of history is of extraordinary value in civic train- 
ing, and the teacher should constantly have in mind this fact 
and use his opportunities. The lessons of history should be 



PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION Vll 

applied to present conditions as far as possible, though invari- 
ably in a broad and impartial way; and the pupil should be 
inspired with high and noble ideals. There is some danger of 
falling into a habit of eulogizing indiscriminately our own 
affairs, that must be carefully guarded against. I have tried 
to do so in the text, and to be everywhere fair and impartial. 
That attitude of mind on the part of the citizens of a state 
which regards everything connected with it as the best, pre- 
cludes progress and improvement. Fortunately, the history of 
Maryland is such that her citizens may justly be very proud of 
her record. 

It is now generally conceded that the illustrations in a history 
should be real and authentic. Of such character are most of 
the pictures of men, places, and things in this book. Several 
famous paintings are reproduced. With the exception of a few 
lent by the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, all the cuts were pre- 
pared from photographs made especially for this book. 

In conclusion, I desire to express my thanks to all who have 
in any way been of assistance to me in the preparation of this 
book : in the search for material, in obtaining illustrations, or in 
reading manuscript. Especially, I have to thank Mr. George 
W. McCreary, librarian of the Maryland Historical Society, 
whose kind assistance in finding material, in obtaining illustra- 
tions, and in the reading of proof, has been invaluable. 

J. M. G. 

Baltimore, July, 1903. 



PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION 

The second edition of this book, to the number of ten thousand 
copies, was totally destroyed in the Baltimore fire of February, 
1904, together with the plates. The republication necessary 
has been made the occasion of additions required to bring the 
narrative to date. The alterations in the body of the text are 
slight and mostly verbal. Mechanically, an effort has been 
made to manufacture a book more than usually attractive and 
durable. The number of illustrations has been doubled, and 
the best available material has been sought with small regard 
to trouble or expense ; a reproduction in colors of the flag and 
great seal has been added, which, it is believed, will set a 
standard. An entirely new series of maps appears, including 
several prepared especially for this work ; the map of the 
palatinate (p. 50) is believed to illustrate the loss of territory 
Maryland has suffered more graphically than any ever pub- 
lished. 

The cuts appearing on pp. 1 58-161 were kindly furnished by 
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. 

I wish here to express my gratitude to my friend, Mr. Samuel 
M. North, head of the department of English in the Baltimore 
Polytechnic Institute, for his valuable assistance in the laborious 
work of reading proofs and preparing the index for this edition. 

J. M. G. 

Baltimore, Oct. 10, 1904. 



CONTENTS 



PART I. HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE 

PAGE 

Chapter I. The Founding of Maryland ...... i 

Chapter II. The Settlement of Maryland 12 

Chapter III. "Leah and Rachel" — Wherein Two Sister Colonies 

Disagree ......... 27 

Chapter IV. Maryland Becomes a Royal Province .... 49 

Chapter V. The Province Becomes an Independent State . . -71 

Chapter VI. Maryland Life in Colonial Times ..... 99 



PART II. HISTORY OF THE STATE 



Chapter I. The Struggle for Independence: Maryland in the Revo 

lution 

Chapter II. Founding the New Nation .... 

Chapter III. Internal AiTairs and the Second War with England 

Chapter IV. Public Improvements ; The Mexican War 

Chapter V. Slavery and the Civil War .... 

Chapter VI. From the Close of the Civil War to the Present 



113 
135 
142 

155 
166 
182 



COUNTY HISTORIES 

St. Mary's 223 

Kent 225 

Anne Arundel 227 

Calvert . . 229 

Charles 231 

Baltimore 233 

ix 



X CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Talbot 236 

Somerset 238 

Dorchester 240 

Cecil 242 

Prince George's 245 

Queen Anne's 247 

Worcester . 249 

Frederick 251 

Harford 253 

Caroline . 256 

Washington 258 

Montgomery . 261 

Allegany 264 

Carroll 266 

Howard . . 268 

Wicomico 270 

Garrett 272 

APPENDIXES 

A. Proprietaries of Maryland 275 

B. Governors of Maryland ......... 275 

C. Towns of Maryland 277 

D. Constitution of Maryland 278 

Bibliography 346 

Index 35 1 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



The Planting of the Colony Frontispiece 

1 . Christopher Columbus ......... i 

2. Monument to Christopher Columbus, Baltimore .... 2 

3. King James I 3 

4. George Calvert 4 

5. Henrietta Maria 5 

6. Cecilius Calvert {full page) 7 

7. Chancellor's Point, the First Landing-place for the Settlement of 

St. Mary's 14 

8. Catholics settling Maryland 15 

9. Trinity Church, Site of St. Mary's 16 

10. Site of St. Mary's 17 

11. St. Mary's Female Seminary 18 

12. First State House in Maryland .20 

13. Rosecroft 22 

14. Settler's Log Cabin . 23 

15. Alsop's Map of Maryland 24 

16. King Charles I 33 

17. Oliver Cromwell 34 

18. Monument to Leonard Calvert ZJ 

19. The Great Seal of Maryland {Obverse) 38 

20. View of Annapolis, from the Dome of the State House ... 41 

21. Naval Academy .......... 43 

22. The Palatinate of Maryland 50 

23. Proprietary Coins 52 

24. Plerrman's Map of Maryland 54 

25. William Penn 55 



xu 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



26. 
27. 
28. 
29. 
30- 
31- 
32. 
33- 
34- 
35- 
36. 
37- 
38. 

39- 
40. 
41. 
42. 

43- 
44. 

45- 
46. 

47- 
48. 
49. 
50. 

51- 

52. 

53- 

54- 
55- 
56. 

57. 
58. 

59- 



King William .... 

The Old Treasury Building . 
Charles Calvert, Fifth Lord Baltimore 
Tobacco Field .... 
Tobacco Hogshead Ready for Rolling 
The Murray House, Built in 1743 . 

Pillory 

Advertisement for a Runaway Servant 

Baltimore in 1752 {full page) 

View of Hagerstown 

Baltimore, before the Fire of 1904 {full page) 

Five Mile Stone, Mason and Dixon's Line 

Fort Duquesne ..... 

Old Fort Frederick .... 

British Stamp 

Burning of the Peggy Stewart {full page) 

Charles Alexander Warfield . 

Reprint of Declaration of the Association of Freemen {fill page) 

Maryland Signers of the Declaration of Independence {full page) 

The State House, Annapolis . 

Thomas Johnson .......... 

"Hampton" 

Interior of a Hampton Residence 

The Brice Residence. Annapolis 

Negroes rolling Tobacco ........ 

Slave " Quarters ".......... 

Colonial Costumes .......... 

" The Chase Home," Annapolis . . ... 

Doughoregan Manor ......... 

White Hall Manor 

Staircase, Carvel House ......... 

Tht Mary la?td Gazette, ]\.\\y 26, I J ^z, {full page) . . . . 

George Washington ......... 

William Smallwood 



56 
62 

63 
64 

65 
66 
67 
68 
73 
74 
75 
77 
80 
82 
84 



91 
93 
94 

95 

100 

lOI 

103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
109 
no 
114 
115 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Xlll 



60. 
61. 
62. 

63. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 
68. 
69. 
70. 

71- 

72. 

IZ- 
74. 
75- 
76. 

77- 
78. 

79- 
80. 
81. 
82. 
83. 
84. 
85. 
86. 
87. 



90. 
91. 
92. 
93- 



Mordecai Gist 

Monument to Maryland's Four Hundred, Brooklyn {full 
Tablet on the Site of Old Congress Hall 

Nathaniel Ramsey 

Statue of De Kalb, Annapolis 

Nathanael Greene 

Marquis de Lafayette ..... 

Equestrian Statue of John Eager Howard 
Otho Holland Williams ..... 

Joshua Barney ...... 

Washington Resigning his Commission {full page) 
John Hanson ...... 

Potomac River at Harper's Ferry . 
McDowell Hall, St. John^s College 

Nathan Towson 

A Baltimore Clipper 

Fort McHenry ...... 

Samuel Smith ...... 

The "Star-spangled Banner'' {full page) 
Francis Scott Key ...... 

Mount Vernon Square, Baltimore, showing Washington 
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal .... 

Travel on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1829 

First Locomotive built in America . 

The Davis "Grasshopper" Locomotive (1832) 

The '' Dutch Wagon " Locomotive (1838) 

The Winan's "Mud Digger" Locomotive (1844) 

Winan's Famous "Camel Back" Locomotive (1851 

Modern Passenger Locomotive (1904) . 

Largest Freight Locomotive in the World (1904) 

First Terminus of B. & O. R.R. . 

Mexican War Monument, Baltimore 

Confederate Monument, Baltimore . 

Abraham Lincoln ...... 



page) 



Monument 



PAGE 

116 



xiv ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

94. Jefferson Davis 169 

95. U. S. Grant 171 

96. Robert E. Lee 171 

97. Statue of Roger B. Taney, Baltimore 173 

98. John R. Kenly 175 

99. Bradley T. Johnson 176 

100. View of Frederick ......... 178 

loi. Monument to Maryland Dead at Antietam ..... 179 

102. George Peabody 182 

103 Peabody Institute 183 

104. City Hall, Baltimore 185 

105. Court House and Battle Monument, Baltimore .... 187 

106. McCoy Hall, Johns Hopkins University 188 

107. Johns Hopkins Hospital 189 

108. The Poe Monument, Baltimore 190 

109. Edgar Allan Poe (///// page) . 191 

no. The Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore 192 

HI. The Maryland Revolutionary Monument (/>/// /^^^) . . . 196 

112. The Cruiser ^fl:///w^r«? 198 

113. Winfield Scott Schley 199 

114. The Cruiser J/<:^ry/rt;^^ 201 

115. Edwin Warfield 202 

116. Coal Mine, Allegany County 203 

117. Tonging for Oysters 204 

118. Oyster Packing 205 

119. Steel Industry, Sparrows Point 206 

120. Ship Building, Sparrows Point 206 

121. A Granite Quarry 207 

122. Mt. Royal Station, B. & O. R.R., Baltimore . . . .208 

123. View of Cumberland (///// /«^^) 209 

124. Easton High School 210 

125. State Normal School, Baltimore 211 

126. Woman's College, Baltimore 212 

127. Rebuilding in the Burned District, Baltimore . . . .216 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



XV 



128. Proposed Baltimore Stock Exchange . 

129. Typical Tobacco Field . .... 

130. Proposed New Building for Washington College 

131. Annapolis High School .... 

132. A Launching at Shipyards, Solomon's . 

133. New Court House, La Plata .... 

134. Marble Quarry, Cockeysville 

135. Grazing Scene, Samuel Shoemaker's Farm . 

136. Scene on Miles River ..... 

137. View of Main Street, Crisfield 

138. Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge . 

139. Memorial Hall, Tome Institute, Port Deposit 

140. Maryland Agricultural College 

141. Threshing Scene ...... 

142. Makemie Memorial Presbyterian Church, Snow Hill 

143. Key Monument, P>ederick .... 

144. High School, Havre de Grace 

145. Court House, Denton ..... 

146. Limestone Crusher ..... 

147. Limestone Quarry ..... 

148. Court House, Rockville .... 

149. Old Natural Bridge, Cumberland . 

150. Western Maryland College, Westminster 

151. Cotton Mills, Alberton 



PAGE 
217 
223 
225 
227 
229 
231 

235 
236 

238 
240 
242 

245 
247 

249 
251 

253 
256 
258 
260 
261 
264 
266 
268 



LIST OF COLORED MAPS 



1. The Revolution — The Middle States . 

2. The Revolution — The Southern States 

3. The United States at Close of the Revolution 

4. The Northwest Territory, 1787 

5. Maryland and Delaware .... 



Facing 



128 
136 
140 
222 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND 
HISTORY 

PART I 

HISTORY OF THE PROVINCE 



CHAPTER I 
THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 



1. Introduction. — A little more 
than four hundred years ago a map 
of the world looked very different 
from a map of the world to-day. 
The civilized peoples lived in Eu- 
rope ; besides their own continent 
they were acquainted with parts of 
Asia, a small part of northern Af- 
rica, and a few islands. The word 
" America " had never been uttered, 
and nothing whatever was known 
of the vast continent that lay be- 
yond the western sea. To this noble 
country the attention of Europe was 
called in the year 1492, when a bold 
sailor named Christopher Columbus 
sailed bravely out upon the stormy 




CPISTOFOP.O COLOMBO 



Christopher Columbus 
After the bust in the Capitol, Rome 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Atlantic, and by and by landed on an island in the West Indies. 

Soon, other brave mariners followed the example of Columbus. 
The mainland of America was discovered 
and its eastern coast explored. 

Columbus was in the employ of the 
king and queen of Spain ; and the Span- 
iards soon discovered rich and populous 
countries in the south of the new conti- 
nent, and easily conquering the half-civi- 
lized inhabitants, carried away to Spain 
immense quantities of gold and silver. 

2. English Colonies. — When the rulers 
of other countries heard of these things 
it is not strange that they desired to 
have a share for themselves of the 
wealth that seemed so abundant in the 
New World. Only a few years after 
the great voyage of Columbus most of 
the eastern coast of what is now the 
United States was explored by a sailor 
named Cabot, in the employ of England.- 
Basing their claims on this voyage, the 
English later undertook to plant colonies 
in the New World. At first the English 
tried to imitate the Spanish ; but there 
was no gold or silver to be had in the 
northern parts, while the people were a 
race of savages whom it was useless to 

conquer, since they had nothing that was worth taking. The 

early attempts of the English met with misfortune and failure. 
A new plan was soon tried. Companies were formed composed 

chiefly of merchants, whose plan was to plant colonies in the New 






Monument to Christopher 
Columbus, Baltimore 

The first erected to him in 
America 

From a photograph 



THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 



World for the purposes of trade. With furs obtained from the 
Indians, fish from the neighboring waters, or the products of the 
soil, these colonies were to carry on trade that should be profitable 
to the members of the company and indirectly to the commerce 
of England. The first permanent settlement was planted at 
Jamestown, in 1607, on the north bank of the James river, in 
Virginia. It was under the control of a company of merchants 
and others known as the London Company. 

3. George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore. — Among those 
interested in these plans for planting colonies in America, was 
an English gentleman named 
George Calvert, who became the 
founder of Maryland. He re- 
ceived a thorough education and 
traveled on the Continent, as 
was the custom of young men 
of rank and wealth. After his 
return he became the private 
secretary of the famous states- 
man, Sir Robert Cecil. He pres- 
ently attracted the favor of the 
king, was appointed to an ofifice 
in Ireland, and in 161 7 raised to^ 
the order of knighthood and be- 
came Sir George Calvert. He 
was liked and trusted by the 
king, James I, and was from time to time advanced until he be- 
came principal secretary of state, a high office in some respects 
like the modern one of prime minister. After a time Sir George 
announced to the king that he had become a convert to the 
CathoHc religion, and requested that he therefore be allowed to 
resign the high office that he held and retire to private life. 




King James I 

From an engraving by Roniat after the 
original by Crispin de Pax 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



4. Religious Intolerance. — In order that you may understand 
this act of Calvert's, you must know that in the times that we are 
now studying, not all men could freely and safely profess and 
practise the religion they preferred. On the contrary, those in 

control of the government 
usually tried to force other 
persons to believe in tJicir 
religion ; it was a common 
thing for people to be im- 
prisoned for their relig- 
ious belief, and many had 
even been burned to death 
merely for disagreeing 
with the prevaiUng faith. 
Now at this time England 
was a Protestant country, 
and there were very se- 
vere laws in force against 
the Roman Catholics, who 
were not allowed to hold 
any public office. This 
will fully explain the ac- 
tion of Secretary Calvert. 
King James seems to 
have taken the confession 
of Sir George very quietly, 
however, and did not with- 
draw his favor. On the 




George Calvert 

From a portrait in possession of the Maryland 
Historical Society 



contrary, he retained his former secretary as a member of his 
council, and not long afterward created him Lord Baron of Balti- 
more. Soon after this event the king died and was succeeded 
by his son, Charles I. He also was Calvert's friend. 



THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 



5. Lord Baltimore's Plan for Founding a Colony. — Lord Balti- 
more had long been interested in the schemes for the colonization 
of the New World. He had already received from the king a 
grant of land in Newfoundland; and now that he had laid aside the 
cares and burdens of public service, he seems to have desired to 
spend the remainder of his life in the work of founding a colony. 

His attempt in Newfoundland was a failure, owing chiefly to 
the great severity of the cHmate. Leaving behind him the in- 
hospitable shores of Avalon, as 
the Newfoundland colony was 
called, Calvert sailed for Virginia. 

Here he found himself a very 
unwelcome visitor. The rights 
and privileges granted the com- 
pany that planted Virginia had 
by this time been formally taken 
from them, thus leaving the 
king free to grant the country 
to whom he pleased. So the 
governor temporarily in charge 
(awaiting the arrival of the royal 
governor) contrived to be rid of 
Lord Baltimore, doubtless know- 
ing of his ambitions. It is not 
unlikely that during his short 
stay he had at least a glimpse of the lovely country that lay to 
the north of the Potomac, a region uninhabited by white men 
and in the uncultivated state of nature. At any rate Lord 
Baltimore returned to England, and after much weary delay 
received a grant of land north of the Potomac river, in the year 
1632. In honor of the king's wife, Henrietta Maria, or Mary, 
the new colony was to be called Maryland. 




Henrietta Maria 

From a painting by Miss Florence Mack- 
ubin, copied from the Van Dyke por- 
trait at Warwick Castle ; it is now in 
the State House at Annapolis 



6 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

6. Death and Character of George Calvert. — But in April of 
this year Lord Baltimore, whose health had long been failing, 
died, before his grant had passed the great seal.^ 

George Calvert was, beyond any doubt, a man of high mind 
and honorable character. In ordinary affairs he was cautious 
and painstaking; as a statesman he was shrewd and intelligent; 
as a man, courteous, loyal, and of sterling integrity. " He had 
risen from obscurity to places of high honor and trust, and to 
hereditary rank ; he had enjoyed, without abusing, the confi- 
dence and friendship of kings ; he had adhered to his political 
and altered his religious opinions, when his constancy and his 
change were alike fatal to his advancement, and he died leaving 
a name without reproach from friend or enemy, and which, if 
evil tongues of a later day have attempted in vain to sully, 
it is because detraction, no less than death, loves a shining 
mark." ^ 

7. Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore. — The title and estates of 
George Calvert passed to his eldest son, Cecilius, and in his 
name the charter for Maryland was issued a few months after 
his father's death. 

8. The Maryland Charter. — The charter was the document 
by which the land was granted to Lord Baltimore, and in 
which his powers and duties, and those of the people of the 
new colony, were estabhshed. In a word, it fixed the form of 
government. 

There were two distinct kinds of government in the colonies. 
In the first, affairs were controlled by the king of England, who 
appointed the governor and principal ofificers ; this was called a 
royal government. In the second, the people elected their gov- 
ernor and other officers, and in the main managed their own 

1 An instrument for stamping an impression upon a document to make it authentic, 

2 William Hand Browne's Maryland, p. 17. 




p.^%'r/.^ 



BALTEMO 

ft " ' 







Cecilius Calvert 
From a print in the library of the Maryland Historical Society 



8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

affairs without interference from the mother country ; this was 
called a charter government. In Maryland the land was owned 
by a single person, called the proprietary, or proprietor, who also 
appointed the governor and other officers ; hence this was called 
a proprietary government. 

The boundaries of the colony were as follows : The Atlantic 
ocean, the Delaware bay and Delaware river on the east; the 
fortieth parallel of latitude on the north ; a meridian line run- 
ning south from this parallel to the source of the Potomac on 
the west ; a line running along the southern bank of the Potomac 
to its mouth and thence east across the peninsula to the ocean 
on the west and south. 

The charter created, in the new colony, " an empire within an 
empire," and the latter was therefore called a province. The 
powers conferred upon the lord proprietary were the most exten- 
sive ever granted to an English subject. He could coin money, 
create courts of justice, appoint judges, and pardon criminals; 
he could make peace and war, suppress rebellion, arm and call 
out the militia, and declare martial law ; he could create titles of 
nobility and found cities and towns. All laws, when agreed 
upon between himself and the people went into effect at once, 
and did not have to be confirmed either by the king or Parlia- 
ment. The inhabitants continued to be Englishmen, with all 
the rights and privileges of EngHshmen ; and the laws were to 
be in harmony, as far as convenient, with the laws of England. 
And, most important for us to remember, t/ie people, and tJieir 
lands and goods, were forever exempted from taxation by the 
king. 

9. Maryland a Palatinate. — Colonial Maryland was called 
a palatinate and her proprietaries earls palatine, which terms 
will need some explanation. In early times, when there were 
no railroads, steamboats, or telegraph, news of course traveled 



THE FOUNDING OF MARYLAND 9 

very slowly. Hence, in fixing the powers that should be exer- 
cised by the noblemen who ruled the English counties, it was 
necessary that those who ruled the border counties should be 
much more powerful than others ; for in case of sudden invasion 
there would be no time to notify the king, but the local ruler 
must take instant measures for the defense of the county. 
Thus Durham on the border of Scotland, Chester on the border 
of Wales, and Kent, where an invasion from the Continent 
could most easily be made, were made palatinates, and their 
rulers exercised nearly royal authority. 

The county of Durham, which was still a palatinate at the 
time when the charter of Maryland was granted, served as a 
model for that colony ; Lord Baltimore was granted all the 
powers that belonged to the ruler of Durham, with some addi- 
tional ones, and was thus an "earl palatine." This made Mary- 
land very like a limited monarchy, with the lord proprietary as 
king. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

1. Introduction. 

Knowledge of the world 400 years ago. 
The voyage of Christopher Columbus. 
Mainland of America discovered and explored. 
Conquest of the Spanish and spoils taken by them. 

2. English Colonies. 

Voyage of Cabot and the claims of England. 
First attempts of the English to plant colonies and their failure. 
What sort of plan was tried next ? With what success did it meet ? 
When and where was made the first permanent English settlement in 

America ? 
Where else were English settlements planted ? 

3. George Calvert. 

Early life of George Calvert. 
He attracts the notice of the king. 
Offices held by him. 
Honors conferred upon him. 
He becomes a Catholic. 



10 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

4. Religious Intolerance. 

Usual attitude of governments on matters pertaining to religion. 

Suffering for religion's sake. 

English laws at this time. 

How did the king receive Calvert's confession ? 

5. Lord Baltimore's Plan for Founding a Colony. 

His interest in colonization. 

The grant of Avalon ; failure of .that colony. 

Lord Baltimore sails for Virginia. 

His reception ; rights of the Virginians. 

The grant of Maryland ; in whose honor named. 

6. Death and Character of George Calvert. 

7. Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore. 

He succeeds his father, George Calvert. 

8. The Maryland Charter. 

What is meant by the charter ? 

Name and define the three kinds of colonial government. . 

The charter boundaries of Maryland. 

Character of the government. 

(a) Powers of the lord proprietary. 

(d) Rights and privileges of the people. 

9. Maryland a Palatinate. 

The counties of early England. 

The border counties necessarily more powerful. 

The three palatinates. 

Maryland government modeled after that of the county of Durham. 

Maryland really a limited monarchy. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

What is history ? Are you interested in the history of your native state ? 
Think of as many reasons as you can why you should be. 

What is a co'.ony ? What are the chief differences between civilized and 
uncivilized peoples ? Is it right for the former to take land from the lat- 
ter by force ? Should a colony be governed with reference to its own 
welfare or to that of the mother country ? 

What is a baron ? Why did not the younger brothers and sisters of Cecilius 
Calvert share with him the estates of his father ? Had George Calvert 
been a man of more brilliant mind but of less honorable character, should 
we have more or less reason to be proud of him ? 



THE FOUNDLNG OF MARYLAND n 

Is it right to try to force others to believe as we do ? Give reasons for 

your answer. Is it right to try to persuade them ? 
What is a charter ? Are charters ever used for other purposes than to fix 

the form of a government ? Discuss the relative merits of the three 

forms of colonial government. What corresponds to the charter in the 

present government of Maryland ? 



REFERENCES 

Browne's Maryland, pp. 1-20. Erowne's Calverts, pp. 1-38. Fiske's Old Vir- 
ginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. I., pp. 255-271 and 275-285. Gambrall's Early 
Maryland, pp. 9-60. Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see index 
for topics desired. 



CHAPTER II 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 



10. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Baltimore. — 

Cecilius Calvert was a worthy successor of his father. Wise, 
just, and moderate, and possessed of great patience andunfaiUng 
tact, he was eminently qualified for the important and difficult 
enterprise which his father left him. Of his private Hfe and 
plans we know little, but we are justified in supposing that, in 
founding the new colony, it was a part of 
his plan to create a refuge for the perse- 
cuted members of his own church. No 
doubt his plans comprehended many other 
purposes. 

Now that Lord Baltimore had secured 
his charter, he was free to proceed with 
the work of founding a colony. It was 
his intention to accompany the early set- 
tlers himself, and share with them the dangers and hardships of 
the enterprise ; but Maryland was destined to suffer a long 
period of opposition and peril, and the proprietary found it 
necessary to remain in England to protect the interests of his 
infant colony. He never visited Maryland. The members of 
the old Virginia Company, who seem to have entertained some 
hopes of regaining their lost privileges, became his bitter ene- 
mies. It was not until after much opposition and many un- 
pleasant experiences that the proprietary was able to send out 
his first colony. 




12 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 13 

11. The First Colonists ; Lord Baltimore's Policy of Religious 
Toleration. — The proprietary said in reference to the first 
band of colonists that sailed to Maryland : " There are two of 
my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gentlemen of 
very good fashion, and three hundred labouring men well pro- 
vided in all things." His brother Leonard was in command of 
the expedition and became the iirst governor of Maryland. 
Two Catholic priests were in the company also, and one of them, 
Father Andrew White, wrote a narrative of the voyage. 

How many of this interesting company were Catholics and how 
many were Protestants is a matter of uncertainty. Lord Balti- 
more's brothers were Catholics and probably the twenty gentle- 
men associated with them were Catholics also, while most of the 
other colonists were Protestants. This brings us to a considera- 
tion of religious freedom in Maryland, which prevailed from the 
start. Cecilius Calvert, as has already been said, doubtless meant 
to establish a retreat for persecuted Catholics. But it will be 
evident, if you remember the times that we are studying, that 
to found a purely Catholic colony, in which no other denomi- 
nation was allowed, was not possible, for such a storm would 
immediately have been raised in England as would inevitably 
have cut off the colony in its infancy. This fact is so plain as 
to have led some writers to withhold from Cecilius due credit for 
his policy of toleration. He permitted freedom of worship to all 
sects of Christians under many different circumstances, and when 
his government was temporarily overthrown, freedom of worship 
ceased also, but was again restored with the rule of the proprietary. 
All that we know of his life and character shows him to have been 
a man of tolerant principles — broad-minded, just, liberal, and 
wise. And Maryland has the honor, through Cecilius Calvert, 
of being the first colony in America, as well as one of the first 
places in the world, where freedom of worship was permitted. 



14 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

12. The Voyage to Maryland; the First Landing. — After 
many difficulties, our colonists reached the Isle of Wight, and 
from here, on a November day of 1633, they set sail in two small 
vessels, the Ark and the Dove, and stood out to sea before a steady 
breeze from the east. After a stormy voyage, in the course of 
which they stopped in the West Indies, the expedition arrived at 




Chancellor's Point, the First Landing-place for the Settlement of Sto Mary's 
From a photograph 

Virginia, where a letter from the king procured them a friendly 
reception. From here they sailed for the Potomac river. 

Near the mouth of the river they found a lovely little island, 
thickly wooded and dotted with early spring flowers, which they 
named St. Clement's. It is now called Blakistone's Island. 
Here they landed, and with solemn religious ceremonies set up 
a large wooden cross, about which Catholic and Protestant knelt 
together — March 25, 1634.^ 

13. The Land of Promise. — To what sort of country had our 
colonists come } Anxiously indeed must they have looked for- 

1 March 25 is now celebrated with appropriate exercises in the schools of the state as 
" Maryland Day." 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 



15 



ward to the time which had now arrived. They had given up 
their homes, and had left their native land for a widely different 
one — a highly civilized country for a wilderness, through which 
the wild beasts roamed at will and more savage men wandered 
unrestrained. After such anxiety, then, they must have beheld 
their new home, as they sailed along to the first landing-place, 
with feelings of intense relief and pleasure, for it was truly a 
noble country to which they had come. 

Nothing small or mean greeted the eye. There was the mag- 
nificent expanse of the Chesapeake bay ; there was the beautiful 
Potomac, beside which, Father White said, the Thames was 
but a rivulet ; there 
were mighty for- 
ests stretching as 
far as the eye could 
reach, unchoked by 
briers, and contain- 
ing " strange and 
beautiful trees " ; 
there were banks 
and groves dotted 
with the early 
flowers of spring ; 
there were myriads 
of water-fowl and 
flocks of wild tur- 
keys ; there were 
new and wonderful birds, the jay with his coat of blue, the tana- 
ger in his feathers of scarlet, and strangest of all, the oriole in a 
dress of black and gold, the Baltimore colors; — and this was 
Maryland. We may easily believe that the brave little band 
was filled with hope at the sight. 




Catholics settling Maryland 

From a drawing by Charles Copeland, based upon 
contemporary sources 



i6 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



14. Founding of the First Capital (St. Mary^s) ; Relations with 
the Indians. — Governor Leonard Calvert at once undertook to 
win the friendship of the native tribes of Indians. These poor 
creatures were ignorant and uncivilized ; they dressed in 
mantles of deerskins or other hides, painted their faces, and 
with bows and flint-tipped arrows hunted the wild animals of 

the forests. Wars 
with the Indians, 
in which the most 
horrible and bloody 
deeds were com- 
mitted, occurred 
in many other 
parts of America, 
but Maryland was 
spared this terri- 
ble experience. It 
is to the everlast- 
ing honor of Leon- 
ard Calvert and of 
Maryland that the 
settlement of the 
state was effected 
without shed- 
ding the blood of 
this unfortunate 




Trinity Church, Site of St. Mary's ^ 
From a photograph 



people, for in few indeed of the other colonies were settle- 
ments so made. To this end, Governor Calvert sailed up the 
Potomac river to visit the emperor of the Indians, and he man- 
aged the interview so well that he won the permission of the 
chief to form a settlement with his colony. 

1 Built in 1824, of the bricks of the first State House, which stood almost on the spot. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 



i;^ 




The Site of St. Mary's 
From a photograph 

As the little isle of St. Clement's was far too small to accommo- 
date the settlers, a home had now to be sought. Guided by a 
Virginian named Henry Fleet, they sailed into a broad and deep 
river, which flows into the Potomac from the north, not far from 
its mouth. This river, which they named St. George's, is now 
called the St. Mary's. Some distance up they found an Indian 
village, on the east bank of the river, and here they determined 
to make their future home. A large tract of land was purchased 
from the Indians and named Augusta Carolina, and it was 
arranged that the colonists should occupy half the village until 
harvest time, after which it was to be entirely abandoned to 
them. The terms of the treaty being fully arranged, the colo- 
nists landed with much show and ceremony. The governor took 
formal possession of the soil and named the new town St. Mary's. 
Thus was founded the oldest city of Maryland and its first 
capital — March 27, 1634. 



1 8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

The dealings of Governor Calvert with the Indians were 
marked by kindness, tact, and justice. The natives were paid 
for the land with English cloth, axes, hatchets, knives, and hoes, 
which was very creditable, for in other colonies purchases were 
often made from the Indians with worthless strings of flashing 
beads and bits of shining glass, in which the simple natives took 
a childish dehght. During the joint occupation of the village 




St. Mary's Female Seminary, Site of St. Mary's City 
From a photograph 

by the English and the Indians perfect pea^e and friendliness 
prevailed. Many of the Indian women and children dwelt with 
the families of the Enghsh, and learned from them some of the 
arts and refinements of civilization. The Indian women taught 
the English how to make hominy and "pone" of the corn, the 
Indian men hunted wild turkeys and deer for them in the forest. 
Thus happily did the two peoples dwell together until the harvest. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND ig 

15. The Prosperous Beginning. — In the early history of Vir- 
ginia there was a " starving time," in the course of which the 
entire colony came very near being extinguished. Maryland 
never knew such a condition, the colony being prosperous from 
the start. The voyage had been so planned that the colonists 
arrived in Maryland in the early spring, having thus the longest 
possible time to prepare for the winter. A supply of food was 
brought from England, and corn for planting from the West 
Indies, while cattle and hogs were bought in Virginia. Farms 
were laid out, and soon the province was settled in earnest. 

No scarcity of food ever existed. The bay and rivers were 
teeming with fish and covered with water-fowl, while the forests 
held multitudes of wild turkeys, deer, bears, and small game. 
As for the corn harvests, they were so bountiful that corn was 
almost immediately sent to New England, and there exchanged 
for salt fish and other supplies. In the proper seasons straw- 
berries and nuts were plentiful. 

16. Legislative Assemblies ; the People Win the Right to 
Propose Laws. — Hardly was the colony firmly established be- 
fore the people began to make laws under which to live. The 
first legislative assembly met at St. Mary's in February, 1635, 
and was composed of all the freemen of the province. Unfor- 
tunately, the records of the proceedings of this interesting 
assembly have been lost, but we do know that a body of laws 
was passed. 

Now the seventh section of the Maryland charter provides 
that the proprietary may enact laws with the advice and consent 
of the people of the province or their representatives. This 
seems to mean that all laws should originate with the proprie- 
tary, and then be submitted to the people, who could accept or 
reject them as they chose. This is just a reversal of the usual 
method of legislation, by which the law-making power belongs 



20 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



to the representatives of the people, while the ruler exercises 
the right of veto (which means, "I forbid"). But taking the 
ground that his charter gave him this right, Lord Baltimore 
refused to assent to these laws. In April, 1637, he directed 
Governor Leonard Calvert to call an Assembly of the people on 
the 25th of the following January, and inform them of his lord- 




The First State House in Maryland (A restoration) 
From J. W. Thomas's " Chronicles of Colonial Maryland," by permission of the author 

ship's dissent to all laws previously passed by them. The issue 
was now openly raised. 

Accordingly, the Assembly met on January 25, 1638. It was 
composed of all the freemen of the province, and not of repre- 
sentatives. Those who could not come engaged other persons 
to vote for them, and such a person was called a " proxy." 
Thus one man might have the privilege of casting ten votes, his 
own and those of nine other men who had empowered him to 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND . 21 

vote for them. The proprietary sent out to the Assembly a 
body of laws of his own making, the bearer being John Lewger, 
a friend of Lord Baltimore's, and a man of much intelligence 
and profound legal knowledge, who was to be secretary of the 
province. 

The proprietary might be determined to retain the right which 
his charter gave him, but the people of Maryland were equally 
determined to have for themselves the right to propose laws, 
which they believed belonged to them as Englishmen. They 
accordingly rejected the laws of the proprietary by a large ma- 
jority, and then passed a new set of laws, which included many 
of those prepared by the proprietary. Having thus forcibly 
asserted the right which they claimed, they sent off the laws 
they had passed to the proprietary for his approval. These laws 
did not go into operation, and it is therefore supposed that the 
proprietary refused to assent to them, and the province now 
seemed, as a result of this unhappy dispute, in danger of remain- 
ing without any laws at all. But Lord Baltimore wisely decided 
to relinquish the right which his charter gave him, for the sake 
of the welfare and happiness of his province. Thus ended 
the first struggle for popular rights in Maryland — triumphantly 
for the people. 

17. State of Society. — The life of the people in these early 
days of the colony was very rude and simple. The community 
was purely agricultural. Shortly after the settlement, Lord 
Baltimore sent out instructions about the granting of land, which 
were called " Conditions of Plantation." The land that a man 
might receive varied according to the number of persons that he 
brought over to settle in the colony. Thus, each of the first 
settlers who brought over as many as five persons received two 
thousand acres of land ; if he brought fewer than five, he received 
one hundred acres for himself and for every man, one hundred for 



22 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




his wife and for every servant, and fifty for every child under six- 
teen. The land so granted was subject to a small annual rent to 
the proprietary, called a ''quit rent," Relations with the neigh- 
boring Indians were friendly from the beginning, Father White 

and other good 
priests becoming 
missionaries to 
them and winning 
many converts. 
This fact, together 
with the abundance 
of food and the 
easy conditions on 
which land was 
granted and the 
religious toleration 
^osecrofti that prevailed, 

From a photograph ^^^^^^^ ^^^ popula- 

tion to grow rapidly. Plantations were usually laid out along 
the water's edge, and the first houses were rudely built of logs 
and boards. Travel was almost entirely by water. 

Augusta Carohna (see Sec. 14) soon became St. Mary's 
county, which is thus the oldest in the state. As the population 
increased and the settlements began to spread, the county was 
divided into ''hundreds." Hundred was a name originally ^ 
applied to a district capable of supplying a hundred men for the 
army. In England the county divisions were called hundreds, 
and the name was used in the same way in Maryland. The 
hundred thus corresponds to the election district of the present 
time. A settlement which soon grew up across the St. Mary's 

1 An old colonial house, altered in part, near the site of St. Mary's. It is the home 
that is mentioned prominently in J. P. Kennedy's romance, AW of the Bowl. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 



23 



river was called St. George's Hundred, and others were not 
long in forming. 

Wheat was grown in small quantities, and a good deal of 
Indian corn was raised, mostly for private use. The great staple 
in Maryland, as in Virginia, was tobacco. This plant was not 
known to the inhabitants of the Old World prior to the discovery 
of America, but was found here by the early explorers. The 
Indians smoked it, and from them Europeans learned to do the 
same and the habit soon became widespread. This, of course, 
caused a large demand for tobacco, and as a result the syste- 
matic cultivation of the plant was begun and a large and profit- 
able trade sprang up between the Old World and the New. 
How important tobacco became you may judge from the fact 
that it was used in the place of 
money, and public officers and 
others had their salaries paid in 
tobacco instead of in money, — 
gold, silver, or paper. There were 
no manufactures. Corn was 
pounded in mortars by hand, and 
pretty hard work it was, too. 
Most of the necessaries of life 
and all its luxuries were imported. 
Most of the trading was done di- 
rectly with the ships, as they 
arrived from England. Besides 
the foreign trade, the Maryland- 
ers also carried on a trade with 
the Indians, chiefly for furs. These could be purchased, usually 
at very low rates, and sold in England at handsome profits. 

Maryland in these early days was thus a simple community 
of farmers, or planters, as they were called ; there was nothing 




A Settler's Log Cabin 

From a drawing based upon 
contemporary sources 



24 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



like the commercial business of large cities or older societies. 
But the province was as yet in its early infancy, and from these 
humble beginnings greater things were to come. 




Alsop's Map of Maryland, 1666 
From the Peabody Fund Publication 15, in the library of the Maryland Historical Society 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

10. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Baltimore. 

For what personal qualities was Cecilius Calvert distinguished ? 

What can be said about his life and plans? 

Why did not Lord Baltimore accompany his colony to Maryland? 

11. The First Colonists ; Lord Baltimore's Policy of Religious Toleration. 

How was the first body of colonists composed ? 
Who was the first governor of Maryland ? 

What combination of circumstances favored religious freedom in Mary- 
land ? Maryland's honorable record. 



THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND 25 

12. The Voyage to Maryland ; the First Landing. 

When did the first colonists sail and what sort of voyage did they have? 
Where and when did they make the first landing ? Describe it. 

13. The Land of Promise. 

Describe, as fully as possible, Maryland as the first settlers saw it. 

14. Founding of the First Capital (St. Mary's) ; Relations with the Indians. 

Describe the Indians and their manner of living. 

Describe the treatment of the Indians in Maryland. 

What visit did Governor Calvert pay immediately on his arrival? 

How did he succeed? 

The site of a permanent settlement is selected and purchased from the 

Indians ; the terms of the treaty. 
Founding of the oldest city and first capital of Maryland, March 27, 

1634. 
How were the Indians paid for their land ? 
Describe the relations between the Indians and the Eno^lish durine 

their joint occupation of St. Mary's. 

15. The Prosperous Beginning. 

Conditions favorable to prosperity. 

The abundance offish, game, and other food. 

16. Legislative Assemblies ; the People Win the Right to Propose Laws. 

When and where did the first legislative assembly in Maryland meet ? 
What provision did the Maryland charter make in regard to legislation ? 
On what grounds did Lord Baltimore refuse to assent to the laws passed 

by the first Assembly ? 
Meeting of the Assembly, January 25, 1638. How was this Assembly 

composed ? Arrival of John Lewger. Rejection of Lord Baltimore's 

laws. 
Successful result of the first struggle for popular rights in Maryland. 

17. State of Society. 

Maryland an agricultural community. 

The " Conditions of Plantation." 

Rapid growth of the population and its causes. 

Political divisions. — the "hundred." 

St. George's Hundred estabhshed. 

Raising of wheat and corn. 

Tobacco and its history. It becomes the staple of Maryland and is 

used for money. 
No manufactures ; corn pounded by hand. Most necessities and all 

luxuries imported. 
Trade with the Indians. 
General character of Maryland society. 



26 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Considering the object of the expedition, do you think the first band of 

colonists was well composed ? Find out what you can about the 
settlement of Virginia, and comparing this with what you know about 
Maryland, see if you can find reasons for the quicker success of the 
latter. 

2. Locate accurately on the map the first landing-place of the colonists, and 

the situation of St. Mary's. Where is the Thames ? 

3. Imagine yourself a passenger on the Ark; how do you feel as the vessel 

leaves England, during the voyage, and on your arrival ? If you were 
to sail up the Potomac now, should you behold the same scene that 
greeted the eyes of the first settlers ? What changes have taken place 
and why ? 

4. Would the Indians have preferred to receive money for their land instead 

of the articles that Governor Calvert gave them ? Give reasons for 
your answer. Name some things that you think the English likely to 
have learned from the Indians; the Indians from the English. Find 
out what you can about the relations between the Indians and the 
English in other parts of America, and compare with Maryland. 

5. Name three differences between the first legislative assembly of Maryland 

and one of the present day. Was it a good provision of the charter 
that gave Lord Baltimore the right to originate laws ? Were the people 
justified in taking the stand which they did? 

6. Were the Conditions of Plantation liberal, and likely to attract settlers? 

Explain as fully as you can the causes that favored the growth of popu- 
lation. Was tobacco a convenient money? Why was it much less 
inconvenient than such a currency would be now ? 

7. Write an account of '' Life in Early Maryland." 



REFERENCES 

Browne's JMaryland, pp. 20-26, 36--37, 41-47, 48-50, and 5 1-53. Browne's Calverts, 
pp. 39-62 and 83-87. Thomas' Chronicles of Colonial Maryland, pp. 9-28. Hall's 
The Lords Baltimore, pp. 1%-\1, 49-51. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 
Vol. I., pp. 268-275. Mereness' IMaryland as a Proprietary Province — see index for 
topics desired. 



CHAPTER III 

"LEAH AND RACHEL" — WHEREIN TWO SISTER 
COLONIES DISAGREE 

18, A Jealous Sister; the Character and Plans of William 
Claiborne. — It has already been said that the charter of Lord 
Baltimore met with fierce opposition (see Sec. lo). The 
enmity of the members of the old Virginia Company was 
noticed, but we have now to observe that a protest was forth- 
coming from the Virginia colony as well, and to go back a little 
to notice some very interesting and important events connected 
with the bad feeling that for a time prevailed between '' Leah 
and her younger sister Rachel." ^ Virginia was jealous of 
Maryland chiefly for three reasons. First, Maryland had once 
been a part of the territory of Virginia ; secondly, Maryland 
was ruled by CathoHcs, while Virginia was Protestant and 
strongly attached to the Estabhshed Church of England ; thirdly, 
the commercial rights and privileges of Maryland were much 
greater than those of Virginia. Thus for a time Maryland's 
sister colony and nearest neighbor unfortunately became her 
worst enemy. 

In the protest above mentioned, the Virginians were repre- 
sented by William Claiborne, their secretary of state. This 
man, not unjustly called the evil genius of Maryland, was the 
prime mover of mischief from first to last, and devoted all the 

1 In 1656 a book was publislied in London by Hammond, called Leah and Rachel ; or 
The Two Fruitful Sisters, Virginia and Maryland. John Fiske uses the phrase also, as a 
chapter title in Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. 
- ' 27 



28 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

energies of his unusually determined and persevering nature to 
the task of ruining the Maryland colony. For twenty years 
his influence seriously affected Maryland history, and more 
than once nearly brought about her destruction. 

Claiborne's opportunity came in the following manner. Com- 
ing over to Virginia in 162 1 as surveyor, his force of character 
brought him rapidly into notice, and at the time of the settle- 
ment on the St. Mary's he was secretary of state for Virginia 
and a member of the governor's council. He began to engage 
to some extent in the fur trade with the Indians. In this he 
was so successful as to induce a firm of London merchants to 
employ him as a special agent or partner in the business of 
trading with the Indians. Claiborne then estabUshed a post on 
Kent Island, in the Chesapeake bay, for this purpose, and 
obtained licenses to trade ; but he did not secure any grant of 
land. A few dwellings were erected, which were paid for by 
the London merchants, Cloberry and Company. To complete 
the claim of Virginia, it should be noted also that Palmer's 
Island had been occupied by traders, and trading expeditions 
had been conducted by Henry Fleet, John Pory, and possibly 
other Virginians. The Maryland charter spoke of the country 
as " hitherto uncultivated " ; but this was descriptive merely, 
and not a condition of the grant, and if it had been, the traders 
had not settled or cultivated the country. 

The instructions of the proprietary regarding Claiborne were 
very generous. Acting according to these instructions, Governor 
.Calvert notified Claiborne that his post was within the Hmits of 
Maryland. He was given to understand that he would be 
welcome to the land he had occupied, but that he must acknowl- 
edge the authority of Lord Baltimore, and hold the land from 
him and not from Virginia. Claiborne, on receiving this notice, 
asked the Virginia council what he should do. Their answer 



"LEAH AND RACHEL 



29 



was, that they wondered at his asking such a question ; could 
there be any more reason for giving up Kent Island than any 
other part of Virginia? Thus Claiborne made his own cause 
and that of Virginia one, and feeling sure of support now, he 
returned an answer to Governor Calvert in which he utterly 
refused to acknowledge the authority of Maryland and Lord 
Baltimore. 

19. The Dispute Leads to Bloodshed. — The proprietary's 
instructions provided that if Claiborne should refuse to acknowl- 
edge the jurisdiction of Maryland, he was to be undisturbed for 
a year. But trouble soon arose. The Indians, hitherto so 
friendly and sociable, became cold and reserved, — a change 
which alarmed the people greatly. On investigation, Claiborne 
was charged with telling lies to the Indians for the purpose of 
stirring them up against the Marylanders, but in justice it must 
be said that when the Indians were questioned in his presence 
they declared that he had never done anything to prejudice 
them against the people of Maryland. 

But there was trouble of a more serious nature when a vessel 
of Claiborne's, under the command of Thomas Smith, was seized 
in the Patuxent river for trading without a license in Maryland 
waters. In return, Claiborne litted out an armed vessel, the 
Cockatrice, under the command of Lieutenant Ratcliffe Warren, 
which he sent out with orders to capture any Maryland vessel 
that might be met. When news of these mighty doings came 
to the ears of Governor Calvert, he promptly armed and sent 
out two vessels, the St. Margaret and the St. Helen, under the 
command of Captain Thomas Cornwalhs. '' The two expedi- 
tions met at the mouth of the Pocomoke on April 23d,^ and 
then and there was fought the first naval battle on the inland 
waters of America." Several men were killed and wounded on 

^ 1635. 



30 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

both sides, Lieutenant Warren being among the killed, and the 
Cockatrice surrendered. A second fight took place a few days 
later, in which Thomas Smith commanded the vessel of Clai- 
borne, resulting in more bloodshed. 

20. The Capture of Kent Island. — For a time Claiborne 
remained in undisturbed possession of Kent Island. But his 
affairs presently took on a different color, for his London 
partners, Cloberry and Company, became dissatisfied with his 
management, and sent out an agent named George Evelin to 
take charge of their property. Claiborne tried hard to induce 
Evelin to promise not to give up the island to the Marylanders, 
but could not succeed. He then went to England and engaged 
in a lawsuit with the London merchants who had employed 
him. EveUn went to St. Mary's, after a time, and there he 
heard the other side of the story, and was fully convinced of 
the right of Maryland's claim to the island. On his return, he 
called the people together and explained the situation to them, 
and Lord Baltimore's authority was recognized. Governor 
Calvert then appointed EveHn commander of the island. 

But the matter was not yet settled. A number of persons 
were arrested for debts owed to Cloberry and Company, and 
Thomas Smith (the same who had already taken part against 
the Marylanders) and John Butler (a brother-in-law of Clai- 
borne) used every opportunity to stir up dissatisfaction. The 
matter finally amounted to a rebellion, and Governor Calvert, 
after several warnings, proceeded to the island himself, with a 
body of armed men, to offer a little more forcible persuasion. 
The attack was a complete surprise, and Smith and Butler were 
captured. The governor then offered to pardon all others who 
would come in at once and submit themselves to the government 
of Maryland, ** whereupon," says Governor Calvert, in a letter 
to his brother, the proprietary, ** the whole ileand came in and 



"LEAH AND RACHEL'^ 



31 



submitted themselves." Smith was tried before the Assembly 
on charges of piracy and murder, was convicted and sen- 
tenced to death ; Butler, not being accused of crimes so serious, 
and having shown a better disposition, was pardoned by the 
governor and afterward came to hold office in the province. 

In England the final blow was now struck against the cause 
of Claiborne. The quarrel over Kent Island had been referred 
to the Board of Commissioners for the Plantations (a body 
having charge of colonial affairs), and they decided that as 
Lord Baltimore had a grant from the king of England, while 
Claiborne had merely a trading license, the title was undoubtedly 
with the former. Claiborne has defenders even to-day, and 
possibly he really thought he was defending his rights ; but his 
contentions were clearly illegal, and his methods, as his history 
shows, were by no means honorable. 

2L Changes in the Organization of the Assembly; Troubles 
with the Indians. —The Kent Island affair was now closed for 
the time, but only to be reopened through a series of remarkable 
events. We have seen the struggle of the people of Mary- 
land for the right of proposing laws, and the success which 
crowned their effort. That success was complete, and it was 
arranged that laws passed by the Assembly should go into opera- 
tion at once if approved by the governor, in order to save the 
delay that must ensue if the colonists were kept waiting for the 
laws to go to England and then return after receiving the pro- 
prietary's approval. He, of course, reserved to himself the right 
of final veto. When the Assembly met in 1639, it was no longer 
composed of all the freemen of the province, but of repre- 
sentatives called *' burgesses " from the hundreds. Many laws 
were proposed at this session which, like the laws of England 
at the time, were very severe. The penalty of death was pre- 
scribed for murder, robbery, sorcery, polygamy, perjury, and 



32 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

blasphemy. Weights and measures were estabhshed and courts 
of justice created. But not until the following session, for some 
reason, were these laws finally enacted. For several years the 
Assembly consisted of but one House, the governor and his 
council sitting with the burgesses, and the governor presiding. 
Afterward the Assembly was organized with an Upper and a 
Lower House, the former composed of the governor and his 
council, and the latter of the burgesses elected by the people. 

While the relations of the people of Maryland with the neigh- 
boring Indians remained friendly, the fierce Susquehannocks to 
the north and Nanticokes on the Eastern Shore were constantly 
troublesome and dangerous. On several occasions houses were 
burned and settlers were murdered. A system of signals was 
established by the English, and energetic measures were taken 
by the governor to stop the outrages. 

22. The Civil War in England and the Rise of Cromwell. — It 
will be impossible to understand the allusions that follow, as well 
as the general course of Maryland history in the events now 
about to be narrated, without some understanding of the events 
that were occurring in England at the same time. 

King James I, the same who befriended George Calvert and 
made him a knight and nobleman, was the first of the royal house 
of Stuart that reigned in England. He entertained very high 
notions about the rights of kings. In fact, he believed that a 
king ruled by " divine right " and not by authority of the people, 
that the authority of a king was of right absolute, and that he 
could not be called to account by anybody. His son Charles, 
the same who granted the province of Maryland to Lord Balti- 
more, succeeded him and became Charles I ; and unfortunately 
he succeeded to his father's high notions about the rights of a 
king as well as to his kingdom. 

Now the power of making laws and of taxing the people rested 



LEAH AND RACHEL 



33 



with the Parliament, — the legislative body in which the English 
people were represented, — while the king had the power of veto. 
But Charles claimed the right to make laws and to tax the people 
without the consent of Parliament, and proceeded to act accord- 
ingly. He collected various taxes and imprisoned at pleasure 
those who refused to pay, and actually ruled for eleven years 
without calling a Parliament. Almost from the beginning of the 
reign of James, the people had 
been angry and discontented 
over the tyranny of the king 
and his claims to absolute 
power, and these feelings had 
steadily grown. After all these 
years a Parliament, called the 
Long Parliament because it 
continued for twenty years, 
met; and from the measures 
it passed in opposition to the 
king it soon became apparent 
that civil war was at hand. 

The year 1642 found the 
king and Parliament engaged 
in actual warfare, — England's 
great civil war had begun. After a long struggle, in which first 
one side and then the other had the advantage, and during 
which the king plotted and deceived in anything but a kingly 
manner, the war finally ended in victory for the Parliament. 
Then the king was brought to trial as a "tyrant, traitor, mur- 
derer, and public enemy," and sentenced to death. He was be- 
headed at Whitehall palace, London, in 1649. 

One of the ablest generals on the side of the Parliament was 
Oliver Cromwell, and after the death of the king he soon ob- 




King Charles I 
After the painting by Van Dyke 



34 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




tairied the chief powers of the government and came to the head 
of the nation as " Lord Protector of the Commonwealth." His 
rule was firm and just, and was respected at home and abroad. 
At his death he was succeeded by his son Richard. But Richard 
^^_^ did not possess the ability of his 

father, and his government soon fell 
to pieces. The result was the resto- 
ration of the Stuarts, in the person 
of Charles, son of the late king, who 
was crowned King Charles II (1660). 
He reigned until his death in 1685. 

23. Maryland at the Beginning of 
the Civil War. — The unhappy quar- 
rel that now divided the mother 
country of course extended to the 
colonies, and they took one side or 
the other, while partisans of each 
side might be found in the same col- 
ony. In Maryland several happen- 
ings, together with the general restlessness and discontent 
noticeable among the people, indicated that trouble of a serious 
nature might occur at any moment Lord Baltimore's father 
had been a friend of the last king, and he himself was indebted 
for many favors to the present king ; hence it was not unnatu- 
rally thought that in the present quarrel he would take the 
king's side. On the other hand, the principles of the king as 
shown in his government were entirely different from the prin- 
ciples of Lord Baltimore as shown in the Maryland government 
The truth seems to be that Lord Baltimore did his best to pre- 
serve a neutral attitude in the struggle. 

In these difficulties Governor Calvert was naturally anxious 
and uncertain what course it was best to pursue, so he determined 



Oliver Cr 



,'ell 



After the painting in the National 
Portrait Gallery, London 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 35 

to go to England and consult his brother, the proprietary. He 
left the province in April, 1643, leaving Giles Brent to act as 
governor during his absence. 

24. The Invasion of Claiborne and Ingle; the ** Plundering 
Time.'* — " The governor of Maryland, as well as the governor 
of Virginia, had gone to England on business, and vi^hile the 
cats were away the mice did play." The province being still 
in the restless and uncomfortable state in which Leonard 
Calvert left it, there sailed into the harbor of St. Mary's, with 
his ship. Captain Richard Ingle, a trader who was accused of 
being at the same time a pirate. Ingle was a violent partisan 
of the Parhament, and pretty soon information was laid before 
the deputy-governor, Brent, that he had been making such re- 
marks as " the king was no king," and that he was *' a captain for 
the Parhament against the king," — all this in a very violent 
manner with many flourishes of his sword and threats of cutting 
off the heads of any who contradicted him. Thus, in the absence 
of the governor, Maryland was brought face to face with the 
issue she dreaded ; for if Ingle were arrested and punished, the 
province was committed to the cause of the king, while if he 
were allowed to go free, it was committed to the cause of Par- 
liament. The proceedings in the case were curious. Ingle was 
arrested by order of the governor and a guard placed on board 
his ship ; whereupon Captain Thomas Cornwallis, commander of 
the militia, and Councilor Neale, took him on board his ship, 
ordered the guard to lay down their arms, and Ingle took com- 
mand and sailed triumphantly out of the harbor. For this very 
serious offence Cornwallis was simply fined, and Neale temporarily 
suspended, so there can be little doubt that these strange pro- 
ceedings were simply an ingenious device to avoid what would 
perhaps have raised a rebellion in the province. 

At the same time Claiborne was active and doing his best to 



36 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Stir up the inhabitants of Kent Island. They incUning toward 
the cause of the king, Claiborne produced a paper of some 
kind which he declared was a commission from the king, which 
gave him the power to seize Maryland. In September, 1644, 
Governor Calvert returned, and found Claiborne and Ingle 
making ready to invade the province. This was a strange friend- 
ship indeed, since Ingle professed to act under authority of the 
Parliament, while Claiborne pretended to hold a commission from 
the king. But " Ingle with his letters from Parliament and 
Claiborne with his ' king's commission ' were drawn together by 
an affinity that was stronger than either." Ingle suddenly ap- 
peared before St. Mary's in a heavily armed ship and captured 
the town, while Claiborne recovered Kent Island. Governor 
Calvert found refuge in Virginia. 

For nearly two years the province was without anything like 
government. Ingle and his men roaming about and robbing at 
will. According to the accounts of Marylanders, they plundered 
the plantations, and carried off corn, tobacco, and everything of 
value, even to the locks and hinges of doors. The Great Seal 
(which was of silver) and the official records were stolen or de- 
stroyed, to the great loss of the province. The stations of the 
missionaries were broken up and the aged Father White sent to 
England in irons to be tried for treason, but he was acquitted. 
Governor Calvert watched the progress of affairs, and presently 
gathering a force of men he returned to Maryland, recaptured 
St. Mary's, and resumed the government for Lord Baltimore. 
The rebellion of Claiborne and Ingle was at an end, but it was 
long remembered by the people as the ''plundering time." 

Ingle has been warmly defended, and most of the charges 
against him have been disputed. In forming an opinion we 
must keep in mind the fact that his was a time of violence and 
immoderate partisanship, while the records are very meagre. 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 



37 



^\ 



^ 



25. Death of Governor Calvert. — Peace was hardly restored 
when the province met a heavy loss in the death of its first gov- 
ernor, Leonard Calvert (June 9, 1647). Little is known of his 
private life, but his record shows 
him to have been wise, just, and 
kind, and well worthy of the trust 
reposed in him. His thirteen yeajs 
of faithful service succeeded in es- 
tablishing firmly the province he 
governed, and laying secure foun- 
dations for its future growth. He 
appointed Thomas Greene, who 
was a Catholic and a royalist, to 
succeed him until the pleasure of 
Lord Baltimore should be known. 

26. The Government Reorgan- 
ized, and William Stone Appointed 
Governor. — Lord Baltimore now 
completely reorganized his gov- 
ernment. It was a favorite cry 
of his enemies that Maryland was 
a nest of " papists," as the Catho- 
lics were called, and that the poor 
Protestants were grievously op- 
pressed. Really the Protestants 
greatly outnumbered the Catho- 
lics, and perfect toleration pre- 
vailed. It was for this reason per- 
haps that Lord Baltimore now 
appointed to be governor of Maryland, William Stone, a Prot- 
estant and a friend of the Parliament, while at the same time he 
appointed a council of which the majority were Protestants. 




Monument to Leonard Calvert, 
Site of St. Mary's 

From a photograph 



38 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



The officers of the government as thus arranged were required 
in their oath of office to promise not to interfere with freedom 
of worship. 

27. The Great Seal of Maryland. — Lord Baltimore also sent 
out a new Great Seal, to replace the one carried off by Ingle. 




The Great Seal of Maryland (Obverse) 

From a print, copyrighted by C. C. Saffell, in the Hbrary of the Maryland Historical 

Society 

He describes it, and states that it is very nearly like the old one. 
On one side was a figure representing Lord Baltimore on horse- 
back, clad in full armor and holding a drawn sword ; around the 
edge was an inscription in Latin, meaning, " Cecilius, Absolute 
Lord of Maryland and Avalon, Baron of Baltimore." On the 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 39 

Other side were engraved the arms of the Calvert and Crossland 
famiUes (AHcia Crossland was the mother of George Calvert), 
supported on one side by a fisherman and on the other by a 
ploughman, and resting on a scroll bearing the inscription, Fatti 
Maschii Parole Femine. This means Hterally, *' Deeds (are) 
males, words females," but it is usually rendered, " Manly deeds, 
womanly words." Above was a count palatine's cap, surmounted 
by a ducal crown ; behind all was a purple mantle, surrounded by 
another inscription, Scuto Bonce Voluntatis Tuce Coronasti Nos 
(Ps. V. 12). This is translated, ''Thou hast crowned us with 
the shield of thy good will," and is thought to refer to the kind- 
ness of the king to Lord Baltimore. In the subsequent history 
of the colony and state new seals were several times adopted, 
but the old design was restored in 1876, and "this beautiful 
historic device . . . still remains the seal and symbol of Mary- 
land." 

28. The Toleration Act. — In April, 1649, the Assembly of 
Maryland passed the famous Toleration Act. It was called 
" An Act concerning Religion," and may be divided into two 
parts, the first of which is anything but tolerant. This first part 
provided that persons who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ 
should suffer death ; that persons who should call others by any 
names in a taunting manner on account of their religion should 
be fined or whipped ; and that persons profaning the " Sabbath 
or Lord's day, called Sunday," should be fined and imprisoned. 
The last clause, on the other hand, provided that no person in 
Maryland should be in any way troubled or interfered with on 
account of his or her rehgion, and that freedom of worship must 
not be denied to any person professing to believe in Jesus Christ. 

Thus was the noble policy which Cecilius Calvert had pursued 
from the first formally enacted into a law. " It is not likely to 
have surpassed his [Calvert's] ideals, but it may easily have fallen 



40 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

somewhat short of them." Indeed, it is probable that the last 
clause of the act was written by Calvert himself and passed 
without change, while the first part of the law was chiefly the 
work of the Assembly. But in any case it was exceedingly lib- 
eral for the times in which it was passed, and is greatly to the 
credit of Cecilius Calvert. The law was simply the formal state- 
ment of the policy of toleration which Calvert had adopted and 
maintained in Maryland from the start, and at a time when such 
a thing was nearly unheard of in the world. That he was not 
indifferent in matters concerning religion, but a sincere and 
devout Catholic, is proved by the fact that nearly all the attacks 
on his rights were aimed at his religion, and " He had only to 
declare himself a Protestant to be placed in an unassailable posi- 
tion ; yet that step he never took, even when ruin seemed certain. 
But he was singularly free from bigotry, . . . and from the 
foundation of the colony no man was molested under Baltimore's 
rule on account of religion " (Browne). Two trifling cases that 
occurred in the early years of the province show the spirit that 
animated the government of Maryland. A Catholic named 
Lewis was tried before the governor for reproving two servants 
for reading a Protestant book, and fined ; and several years later 
a CathoUc named Gerrard was fined for taking away some books 
and a key from a chapel at St. Mary's, and the fine appropriated 
to the use of the first Protestant minister that should arrive. 

29. The Settlement of Providence (afterward Annapolis) by the 
Puritans. — The policy of toleration adopted by Maryland made 
her naturally the home of the persecuted. Governor Stone had 
promised Lord Baltimore to do his best to bring five hundred 
new settlers into Maryland, and to fulfil his promise he now 
invited a large body of Puritans to come over from Virginia and 
settle. The Puritans were a sect of people who desired to re- 
form the Established Church of England by introducing certain 



LEAH AND RACHEL 




41 

Changes in the mode of 
worship, or to -purify" 
the church; hence they 
were called Puritans. 
They were severely 
persecuted in England. 
A body of them that 
had gathered in Vir- 
ginia were so bitterly 
persecuted that they 

were compelled to leave 
the colony, and now, 
on the invitation of 
Governor Stone, they 
established themselves 
in Maryland. By 1649, 
a thousand Puritans 
had gone over into 
Maryland and settled, 
chiefly on the beautiful 
river which they called 
the Severn. This set- 
tlement they named 
Providence, but it was 
afterward called An- 
napolis. The region 
occupied by them soon 
became a county, and 
was named Anne Arun- 
del, in honor of Lord 
Baltimore's wife, who 
before her marriage 



42 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

was Lady Anne Arundel. The new town was destined to be- 
come the state capital, and in later times to become famous as 
the seat of the United States Naval Academy. 

30. The Puritan Revolution ; the Puritan Idea of Toleration. 
— When the Puritans applied for admission into Maryland, they 
were informed that nothing would be required of them save 
obedience to the laws, the usual quit-rents, and a promise of 
fidelity to the proprietary. Entire freedom of worship and the 
right to manage their local affairs were granted to the Puritans, 
not to mention a large tract of fertile and conveniently located 
land. Yet so strongly were the Puritans imbued with the char- 
acteristic bigotry and intolerance of the times, that with all their 
advantages they could not rest content. They were much dis- 
turbed to be living under a government that granted freedom of 
worship to Roman Catholics ; and they were greatly troubled 
that they must take an oath of fidelity to Lord Baltimore, yet, 
as the sequel shows, they were not at all distressed about break- 
ing the oath after they had taken it. '' Singularly enough," 
remarks Dr. Browne, *' the simple remedy of abandoning lands 
which they could not hold with an easy conscience seems not 
to have occurred to them." The conduct of the Puritans can 
hardly be defended, even if we make the fullest allowances for 
the ingrained prejudices and intolerance that undoubtedly moved 
them ; for they made strife from the first and did their utmost 
to overthrow the government that had sheltered them in their 
extremity, and to deny civil and religious liberty to those who 
had granted both freely to them. 

An opportunity for making trouble was soon afforded them. 
Virginia was warmly attached to the cause of the king, and 
openly defied the Parliament and Cromwell (see Sec. 22). 
Accordingly, war-ships and a body of commissioners were sent 
out to take charge of Virginia, and receive the submission of 



LEAH AND RACHEL" 



43 



the governor and his colony. The name of Maryland also was 
included in the commission, but Lord Baltimore appeared and 
showed that Maryland had taken no part against the Parlia- 
ment, and her name was accordingly stricken out. But his 
enemies managed to have inserted the words, '' plantations 
within the Chesapeake," which served their purpose. You will 
feel no surprise at this when you know that one of the commis- 
sioners was Wil- 
liam Claiborne, the 
old enemy of Mary- 
land. He had in- 
deed been the 
adherent of the 
king, but the Par- 
liament was now 
supreme, and he 
had gone over 
without hesitation. 
Another of the 
commissioners was 
Richard Bennett, 
one of the Puritans 
who had found ref- 
uge in Maryland and had taken an oath of fidelity to the pro- 
prietary. "As soon as Claiborne had disposed of the elder 
sister, Leah, he went to settle accounts with the youthful Rachel." 
Proceeding to St. Mary's, in company with Bennett, he over- 
turned the government and removed Stone ; but the latter being 
popular, was afterward restored, though compelled to issue all 
writs in the name of the Parliament instead of that of Lord 
Baltimore. But when Cromwell assumed the government of 
England as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, the power of 




Naval Academy, a New Building (Boat-house) 
From a photograph 



44 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Parliament came to an end (see Sec. 22), and Stone again issued 
writs in the name of the proprietary. The Puritans whom Lord 
Baltimore had rescued from persecution now raised a commo- 
tion, and back came Bennett and Claiborne to St. Mary's, in 
July, 1654. Stone was put out of office, and a council was ap- 
pointed to govern Maryland, whose president, Captain William 
Fuller, was a prominent Puritan. 

The Puritan government summoned an Assembly, — in a way 
never before heard of in Maryland, for no Roman Catholic could 
vote or hold office. " In this way a house was obtained that was 
almost unanimously Puritan, and in October this novel assembly 
so far forgot its sense of the ludicrous as to pass a new ' Tolera- 
tion Act ' securing to all persons freedom of conscience, pro- 
vided such liberty were not extended to ' popery, prelacy, or 
licentiousness of opinion.' In short, these liberal Puritans were 
ready to tolerate everybody except Catholics, Episcopahans, and 
anybody else who disagreed with them ! " (Fiske). 

31. The Battle of the Severn. — When Lord Baltimore heard 
of these events, he wrote to Governor Stone, reproving him for 
having surrendered the government without a blow. The gov- 
ernor then gathered a little army of one hundred and thirty 
men and proceeded against Captain Fuller and his party at 
Providence. 

Fuller, being informed of his coming, gathered an army of 
one hundred and seventy-five men and made ready for the fight. 
The two little armies met on the south bank of Spa creek, an 
inlet of the Severn, which at present forms the southern bound- 
ary of Annapolis, and the battle of the Severn opened. Fuller 
had more men than Stone and was a better general, and was, 
moreover, assisted by the fire of two ships lying in the harbor 
at the time. The proprietary army was defeated, and the gov- 
ernor surrendered on a promise of quarter. The promise was 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 45 

broken, Stone and nine others being condemned to death ; four 
were actually executed, and the rest were saved only at the 
request of the soldiers and by the prayers of some good 
women. Stone, though spared, was treated with great cruelty. 

Old records tell us that Stone carried a Maryland flag in 
the battle of the Severn. This flag, containing the colors and 
characteristic design of the Great Seal, was adopted as the legal 
flag of the state by the General Assembly of 1904, and ordered 
displayed from the State House during sessions of the Assembly. 

32. The Province Restored to Lord Baltimore ; the Sisters 
Become Reconciled. — The Puritans, having thus gained complete 
control, seized the records of the province and the property of 
those who had opposed them. Vigorous efforts had been made 
to have Virginia restored to her old boundaries, which meant 
that Maryland would cease to have anything. At this time 
there seemed but a dark outlook for Maryland and her proprie- 
tary. 

But the efforts of the proprietary's enemies to have his charter 
taken away came to nothing, for it was soon known that Crom- 
well was on his side. The Protector regarded himself as the 
lawful heir of the king, and therefore the charter was as strong 
under him as under the king. The government was surrendered 
to Lord Baltimore, on his promise not to bring the offenders to 
justice, and not to repeal the Toleration Act of 1649. The 
Puritans wilhngly accepted the toleration they had refused to 
grant. By March, 1658, the authority of Lord Baltimore was 
acknowledged by the whole province. 

Thus ended the long struggle between the sister colonies of 
Maryland and Virginia, in the complete triumph of Maryland. 
In the course of that struggle every means possible had been 
brought to bear against Maryland, and her victory was due to 
the justice of her cause and the wisdom of her proprietary. The 



46 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

history of Maryland and that of Virgmia were always to be 
closely connected, but the enmity was now at an end. "Peace 
reigned on the shores of Chesapeake bay, the claims of Leah and 
Rachel were adjusted, and the fair sisters quarrelled no more." 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

18. A Jealous Sister ; the Character and Plans of William Claiborne. 

Name three reasons for Virginia's jealousy of Maryland. 
Character of William Claiborne, and his influence on Maryland history. 
What were the instructions of Lord Baltimore regarding Claiborne? 
What did Claiborne do after receiving the letter from Governor Calvert? 
Result ? 

19. The Dispute Leads to Bloodshed. 

Claiborne is accused of stirring up the Indians against Maryland. 
The battle of the Pocomoke and its causes. 
Thomas Smith defeats the Marylanders. 

20. The Capture of Kent Island. 

George Evelin takes charge of Kent Island for Cloberry and Company, 

and Claiborne goes to England. 
Lord Baltimore's authority acknowledged in Kent Island, and Evelin 

made commander. 
Smith and Butler stir up a rebellion. Capture of Kent Island. 
Smith condemned to death ; Buder pardoned. 
The dispute settled in England, Lord Baltimore being sustained. 
Why was the claim of Lord Baltimore better than that of Claiborne ? 

21. Changes in the Organization of the Assembly ; Troubles with the Indians. 

Why did the proprietary allow the governor to approve laws? 

In what way did the Assembly of 1639 differ from the earlier assemblies ? 

How was the Assembly further reorganized afterward? 

What was the character of laws of this age? 

What Indians were unfriendly to the province? 

22. The Civil War in England and the Rise of Cromwell. 

Notions of the Stuart kings about the " divine rights " of monarchs. 
War breaks out between the king and Parliament ; the cause. 
Defeat of the royal cause and death of the king. 

The rise of Cromwell; he becomes Lord Protector of the Common- 
wealth. 
Restoration of the Stuarts in the person of Charles II. 



"LEAH AND RACHEL" 4; 

23. Maryland at the Beginning of the Civil War. 

What led Governor Calvert to go to England ? 

What attitude did Lord Baltimore desire to take in the Civil War? 

24. The Invasion of Claiborne and Ingle ; the ''Plundering Time." 

Richard Ingle arrested on a charge of treason. 

Why did Ingle's arrest place Maryland in a very dangerous position? 

How was the difficulty met? 
Claiborne plots to recover Kent Island. 
Governor Calvert returns from England. 

Ingle captures St. Mary's, and Claiborne recovers Kent Island. 
Describe the "plundering time."'' 
Governor Calvert returns from Virginia and recaptures St. Mary's. 

25. Death of Governor Calvert ; He Appoints Thomas Greene to Succeed 

Him. 
What can you say of the character of Leonard Calvert? 
When did he die, and whom did he appoint to succeed him? 

26. The Government Reorganized, and William Stone Appointed Governor. 

Why was Stone appointed governor? 

What promise was required of the officers of the reorganized govern- 
ment? 

27. The Great Seal of Maryland. 

Why was a new seal sent over? 
Describe the seal as fully as possible. 

28. The Toleration Act. 

Name the chief provisions of the "Act concerning Religion." 
Which were tolerant and which intolerant? 
How far was this Act the work of Cecilius Calvert? 
Tell about the cases of Lewis and Gerrard. 

What reasons are there for believing that Cecilius Calvert's policy of 
toleration was sincere? 

29. The Settlement of Providence (afterward Annapolis) by the Puritans. 

Who were the Puritans ? Why did they leave Virginia? 

In what part of Maryland did the Puritans settle? .^ 

What county was erected out of this territory ? [ /^Xv • 

30. The Puritan Revolution ; the Puritan Idea of Toleration. 

Conduct of the Puritans. 

ParHament sends an expedition to reduce Virginia. 

Claiborne and Bennett among the commissioners. 

The Puritans in control ; William Fuller president of the council. 

Describe the Puritan "toleration." 

31. The Battle of the Severn. 

Describe the battle of the Severn, and tell its cause and results. 



48 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

32. The Province Restored to Lord Baltimore ; the Sisters Become Reconciled. 

The province apparently lost to Lord Baltimore. 

It is restored by order of Cromwell. Reasons for his action. 

Conditions of the surrender of the Puritans. 

Reasons for Maryland's triumph. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Draw a sketch map of Maryland showing the principal rivers and islands, 

St. Mary's, and Annapolis. Point out some similarities between the 
geography of Maryland and the geography of Virginia. What would 
you expect to result from these similarities ? 

2. Who were Leah and Rachel ? Do you think the names were suitable in 

speaking of Maryland and Virginia? If so, why? Were the grounds 
of Virginia's opposition to Maryland justly taken? 

3. Was the organization of the Assembly of 1639 more convenient than that 

of the earlier ones ? Was it more likely to do good work ? [Give 
reasons for your answers.] Why are legislatures of two Houses better 
than those of one ? Can you think of a special reason that applied 
in this case ? How many Houses do legislative bodies have in the 
United States at the present time ? 

4. Discuss the motto on the Maryland seal. Is it suitable for a state? 

6. Write an account of religious toleration in Maryland. Write a character 
sketch of Cecilius Calvert. 



REFERENCES 

General — Browne's Maryland, pp. 27-35, 37-41, 50-54, 57-89. Browne's 
Calverts, pp. 62-82 (includes a long letter from Governor Calvert to his brother, 
describing the capture of Kent Island), 94-97, 127-159. Fiske's Old Virginia and 
Her Neighbors, Vol. I., Chapter IX. (pp. 286-318). Mereness' Marylajid as a 
Proprietary Province — see index for topics desired. 

Special — For an account of the Great Seal of Maryland, see pp. 68-69 of Steiner's 
Institutions and Civil Government of Maryland ; and Chapter X. of Thomas's 
Chronicles of Colonial Maryland. "^Yox an account of the Puritan Revolution and 
the battle of the Severn, see Riley's The Ancient City (Annapolis), Chapters VIII. 
and IX. For a very full account of the Toleration Act, see B. T. Johnson's The 
Foundation of Maryland, Fund Publication No. 18 of the Maryland Historical 
Society. 



CHAPTER IV 
MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 

33. The Maryland Constitution. — The early history of Mary- 
land, the period extending from the settlement of the province 
to the end of the Puritan Revolution in 1658, was marked by 
constant change and experiment in the constitution of the gov- 
ernment. The opposition to Lord Baltimore's charter, the 
enmity of Virginia, the civil war in England, and the rebellion 
of the Puritans, resulted, of course, in serious disturbance ; the 
colony was still very weak, and neither the authority of the gov- 
ernor nor the constitution of the Assembly was definitely fixed. 
But after the final victory of Maryland and her proprietary in 
1658, the government was firmly established in permanent form. 

The powers which the charter granted to the proprietary were 
very great, as has already been pointed out (see Sec. 8). He 
appointed the officers to carry on his government, and estab- 
lished courts. The governor was his representative, and the 
measure of that officer's power was fixed by the proprietary. 
The governor was advised and assisted by a council, also ap- 
pointed by the proprietary. The Assembly was composed of an 
Upper and a Lower House. The Upper House was composed 
of the governor and his council, while the Lower House con- 
sisted of the delegates of the people, representing counties 
instead of hundreds, as in the early days. There was a secre- 
tary who recorded the proceedings of the council, proclamations 
of the governor, and grants of land, and acted as clerk of the 
Upper House of Assembly. There were county courts, and 

49 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 51 

there was a Provincial Court, composed of members of the 
council and presided over by the governor, which tried the more 
important cases, and to which appeals might be taken from the 
county courts. The officers were mostly paid in fees, — not in 
coin, but in tobacco. The powers granted to the proprietary 
seem to us dangerously large, yet they were seldom abused. 

34. The Administration of Governor Fendall, and His Re- 
bellion. — Before the final conclusion of peace with the Puritan 
rebels, Lord Baltimore appointed Josias Fendall governor of 
Maryland in place of Stone, perhaps because he had been very 
zealous in the proprietary's cause during the recent troubles. 
He also appointed his brother, Philip Calvert, secretary. The 
new governoi- at first seemed very active in the interest of the 
proprietary and the province. The Indians were threatening, 
and he at once organized the militia and put the province in a 
condition for defense. This brought the government into con- 
flict with the Quakers, a sect who refused to fight even in self- 
defense. They also held other religious beliefs which brought 
them into conflict with the civil government, such as their idea 
that it was wrong to take oaths of any kind. The Quakers 
were not, however, very severely treated, and seem not to have 
been interfered with any more than was necessary for the 
enforcement of the laws. 

Fendall, who had worked so hard to establish the authority of 
the proprietary, soon engaged in a treacherous plan to overthrow 
it again. We feel no surprise that he should secure the help of 
the Assembly of 1660, when we know that three-fourths of its 
members were Puritans, among them our old acquaintance, 
Captain William Fuller. His delegation consisted of seven 
members, instead of the four to which his county was entitled. 
The Lower House first declared itself the only lawful authority 
within the province, and refused to acknowledge the Upper 



52 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



House, whose members, they said, might sit with them if they 
chose. Fendall then surrendered his commission from Lord 
Baltimore and accepted another from the Assembly. The 
rebellion was completed by the passage of a law making it a 
crime for anybody to acknowledge Lord Baltimore's authority. 
When news of Fendall's rebellion came to Lord Baltimore he 
acted promptly and decisively. Charles II was on the throne 
of England, and from him letters were obtained commanding all 
persons to acknowledge the authority of the proprietary, while 
the governor of Virginia was ordered to assist in restoring order 
if necessary. Philip Calvert was appointed governor, and on 
the arrival of his commission the rebellion at once came to an 
end. Fendall was condemned to banishment, with loss of his 
estates, but he finally escaped with a fine and loss of the right 
ever to vote or hold office. He lived to plot again against the 
government, and years later to be banished from the province. 

35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor ; Death of Cecilius, 
and Character of His Successor. — Late in the year 1661 the 

proprietary sent out his 
son and heir, Charles 
Calvert, as governor. 
During this period 
there were contests be- 
tween the two Houses 
of Assembly, which 
will be mentioned later. 
On the whole the col- 
ony prospered greatly 
during his administra- 
tion. One source of much trouble was the production of too 
much tobacco, which occasioned great distress, as the tobacco 
(which, remember, was nearly the sole money of the province) 





Proprietary Coins 

From photographs of the originals in the library of 
the Maryland Historical Society 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 53 

was naturally cheapened. The proprietary had some coins 
made and sent out to the province, but the plan seems not to 
have been very successful, as tobacco continued to be the chief 
currency. 

On the thirtieth day of November, 1675, Cecilius Calvert, 
second Lord Baltimore and first proprietary of Maryland, died. 
He was preeminently the founder of Maryland, and a man of 
noble ideals, wise, just, patient, and unselfish, of whom Mary- 
land may justly be proud. The second proprietary possessed 
far less of greatness than his father. He seems to have been 
less tolerant, possessed of less tact and judgment, and perhaps 
not always so strictly just; his intentions may have been good, 
but he did not possess his father's extraordinary force of char- 
acter, nor was he so liberal and pubHc-spirited. 

36. Loss of Territory. — We must here interrupt the narrative 
of political events to notice serious losses of territory which 
Maryland suffered during the period now under consideration. 
In 1655, a settlement of the Swedes on the west bank of the 
Delaware river was seized by the Dutch, who had planted a 
colony on the present site of New York City. The captured 
territory was divided into two parts, called Altona and New 
Amstel. The land over which the Dutch and Swedes were 
quarrelling did not belong to either, if English claims were good, 
for it was within the bounds of the province granted by the 
king of England to the proprietary of Maryland. Colonel Utie 
was sent out to notify the Dutch that they must either acknowl- 
edge the jurisdiction of Maryland or leave. The Dutch governor 
then sent out representatives ^ to confer with the governor of 
Maryland, but no settlement was reached, as neither side would 

1 One of these was Augustin Herrman, who later received a large grant of land from 
the proprietary in return for a map of the province. He and his family were naturalized 
in i666. 



54 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



give up anything and Maryland was not prepared to take forci- 
ble possession. In 1664 the Dutch colony was conquered by an 
English fleet, and the king granted it to his brother James, 
Duke of York. The duke thereupon seized the settlements to 




Herrman's Map of Maryland 
From a copy in the library of the Maryland Historical Society 

the west of the Delaware also, which were within the limits of 
Maryland, and to which he had no right whatever. 

Now there was in England at this time a Quaker named 
William Penn, to whom the king owed a very large sum of 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVLNCE 



55 



money, and this debt the king agreed to pay by giving to Penn 
a large tract of land to the west of the Delaware river. The 
Maryland charter fixed the parallel of forty degrees as the 
northern boundary of the province, and it was agreed that the 
southern boundary of Pennsylvania, as Penn's province was 
called, should be a line just north of a fort that lay on the for- 
tieth parallel. When the charter was finally issued, no mention 
was made of this fort, but Penn's southern boundary was to be 
run from a point twelve miles north 
of New Castle northwestward to 
meet the fortieth parallel, and then 
westward. Penn then sent a letter 
to some of the settlers in the north- 
east of Maryland, telling them that 
they were now in his colony and 
must not pay any more taxes to 
Maryland, and concluded with a 
strong hint about his " power with 
his superiors." He refused to locate 
the fortieth parallel, and did his best 
to have a measurement made from 
Watkin's Point or some other point 
to the south. This, as he confessed, 
was for the purpose of gaining several miles to each degree in 
order to have the head of the Chesapeake within his colony. 
He was a favorite of the Duke of York, and procured from him 
a grant on the western bank of the Delaware, not a foot of 
which the duke owned or had the right to confer on anybody. 
In 1685 the Duke of York became King James II, and Penn 
had no difficulty in completing the theft of Maryland's territory. 
In the end the boundary of Pennsylvania was pushed southward 
to its present position, while on the east the present state of 




William Penn 

After the painting owned by the 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania 



56 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




Delaware passed into Penn's hands. The king cared no more 
for right and justice than did Penn, and there was nothing for 
Maryland but to submit. 

37. Affairs in England. — In Section 22 we stopped with the 
accession of Charles IL The details of his reign do not concern 
us ; it lasted until his death, in 1685, when he was succeeded by 
the Duke of York as James II. James had not learned the les- 
son which his father's death 
should have taught him, and 
tried to destroy the liberties 
of his subjects. He was dis- 
liked by most of them also on 
account of his being a bigoted 
Catholic, and in 1688 he was 
driven from his throne. He 
was succeeded by his daugh- 
ter, Mary, and her husband, 
William, Prince of Orange. 

How this change caused 
the overthrow of the proprie- 
tary government of Maryland 
we have now to see. 

38. The Difficult Position of the Second Proprietary ; Fear and 
Hatred of the Catholics. — Charles Calvert became proprietary 
of Maryland at a time peculiarly trying. He had numerous 
and industrious enemies both in America and in England. The 
Protestant inhabitants in Maryland were greatly in the majority, 
yet it was charged that they were persecuted by the Catholics 
and in actual danger. A clergyman named Yeo complained 
that there was no ministry established in Maryland, to which 
Baltimore responded that all forms of worship were tolerated 
and each sect supported its own ministers. 




King William 
After the painting by Mierevelt, Amsterdam 



MARYLAND BECOiMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 57 

To understand the events of this time you must reahze and 
keep constantly in mind the cruel intolerance of the age and 
the bitter hatred that existed between the Catholics and the 
Protestants. Toleration of CathoHcs seems to have been 
regarded by the Protestants as very much " Hke keeping on 
terms of polite familiarity with the devil." Moreover, the 
Catholics held certain political notions which were regarded as 
highly dangerous, and this operated to create a fear and hatred 
of Catholic rule. It was assumed that if Spain or France or 
some other Catholic country should engage in a war with Eng- 
land, that the English Catholics would take part with the ene- 
mies of their country, and it was a not unusual thing to hear 
that the Cathohcs were stirring up the Indians to murder the 
Protestants. These and other charges equally absurd were 
entertained by many people, and as the country was not thickly 
settled and communication was slow and difficult, it was not 
hard to alarm the people in one part with stories of what was 
going on in another. Hence no matter how wise and just the 
rule of a Catholic lord, his Protestant subjects were certain to 
regard him with distrust, if not with dishke. 

39. Other Causes of Discontent. — But there were not wanting 
other causes of dissatisfaction, for the proprietary's rule was 
not always strictly just, and certainly it was often unwise. 
After the arrival of Charles Calvert as governor, the chief 
offices of the government began to be filled with the relatives 
or intimate friends of the Calvert family. Persons marrying 
into the family in Maryland were nearly always appointed to 
an office, and presently the council seemed to be only a ** pleas- 
ant little family party." This naturally caused discontent 
among the people, and the further fact that most of these 
officers were Catholics tended greatly to increase the feeling 
of dissatisfaction. 



58 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

There were frequent conflicts between the two Houses of 
Assembly. (The Upper House, remember, was composed of 
the governor and council.) The Quakers asked to be excused 
from taking oaths when giving testimony , the Lower House 
granted the request, but the Upper refused to agree. The 
sheriffs were appointed by the governor and were possessed 
of dangerous powers, and there was a struggle between the 
Houses, in which the delegates sought to place some check on 
these officers. It was charged against the proprietary that 
taxes were illegally levied, and there was much discontent with 
changes which he made in the constitution of the Assembly. 
Many other questions were subjects of dispute between the two 
Houses. Sometimes the delegates were wrong, but often they 
were right and firm in urging their claims. Yet in spite of all 
this dispute we find the Assembly voting the proprietary a gift 
of one hundred thousand pounds of tobacco, in token of their 
"gratitude, duty, and affection," which he decHned as being too 
heavy a tax for the people of the province. 

40. Murder of the King^s Collectors. — The king's collectors 
of the custom house duties "were apt to behave themselves 
. . . like enemies of the human race." Much ill feehng 
existed between them and the Maryland government. They 
charged the proprietary with interfering with the performance 
of their duties and thus reducing the amount of their collec- 
tions ; as a result Lord Baltimore was heavily fined by the king. 

One of the collectors engaged in this affair was Christopher 
Rousby, who was unusually offensive in the performance of his 
duties, and was accused of being a great rogue as well. In 1684 
a vessel belonging to the royal navy lay in the harbor of St. 
Mary's. George Talbot, a relative of the proprietary, went on 
board and became engaged in a quarrel with this Rousby, which 
ended by Talbot's drawing a dagger and plunging it into 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 59 

Rousby's heart. The captain of the ship at once had him seized 
and placed in irons, and refusing to allow him to be tried in 
Maryland, by a court of his relatives, carried him off to Virginia. 

Here he was imprisoned and in imminent danger of losing his 
life, or having to pay to the greedy governor his whole fortune as 
a bribe. But his brave and devoted wife, setting out from her 
home on the Susquehanna river one dark winter's night, sailed 
down the Chesapeake bay to his rescue in a small skiff, accom- 
panied only by two faithful followers. The courageous lady 
managed to free her husband and carry him off safe and sound, 
and after more difficulties he was finally pardoned by the king. 

The affair, however, was decidedly unfavorable to the cause of 
Lord Baltimore. Another collector was afterward killed in the 
province, and although this occurred in a private fight and the 
offenders were punished, the effect was certainly harmful. 

41. The Protestant Revolution (1689), ^Y which Maryland 
Became a Royal Province. — When William and Mary came to 
the throne of England (see Sec. 37), Calvert sent word at once 
to have them proclaimed, or publicly named, as lawful sov- 
ereigns in Maryland. Unfortunately, the messenger died 
on the way, and before a second could arrive the palati- 
nate was overthrown. When the other English colonies 
proclaimed William and Mary, and the Maryland government 
remained silent, there was much discontent, and presently there 
was formed an ''Association in Arms for the Defense of the 
Protestant Rehgion, and for asserting the Right of King William 
and Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and all the Eng- 
lish Dominions." At the head of this Association was John 
Coode, a man who had already been tried for plotting against 
the government of Lord Baltimore and who in the future was 
to rebel against the very government he was now working 
to estabUsh. He was a thoroughly bad character, and accord- 



6o LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ing to Professor Browne " seems to have renounced religion, 
morality, and even common decency." Owing to the causes 
already mentioned there were doubtless many persons dissatis- 
fied with the proprietary government. There were many who 
desired to escape from Catholic control and many who favored 
the cause of William and Mary and were offended because the 
latter were not proclaimed in Maryland. In this way Coode 
managed to gather a large body of followers, and leading a 
force against St. Mary's he captured it. He then detained all 
ships bound for England until he had prepared a letter to the 
king, in which he claimed to have acted for the purpose of 
securing King William's right and the protection of the Protes- 
tants, and urged the king to take the government of Maryland 
into his own hands. 

The king decided to do as he was asked, and in March, 1691, 
he commissioned Sir Lionel Copley the first royal governor of 
Maryland, without waiting for a decision against the charter 
in the courts. Although the proprietary was stripped of his 
authority as a ruler, his rights as a landowner were respected, 
and he was allowed to retain his quit-rents and ownership of un- 
occupied land. Lord Baltimore thus became a mere landlord, 
instead of a nearly independent monarch ; while Maryland lost 
her position of freedom, and became subject to the control of 
the English king. 

42. The Royal Government ; Religious Intolerance and an Es- 
tablished Church. — " The thongs of their shield, their charter, 
chafed the arms of the colonists, and they knew not from what 
blows and wounds it protected them, until they had thrown it 
away." Having once thrown it away, however, they were not 
long in discovering from what it had protected them. The first 
act of the Assembly called by Governor Copley was to thank 
the king for saving them " from the arbitrary will and pleasure 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 6 1 

of a tyrannical Popish government under which they had long 
groaned." They then proceeded to see that some other people 
should have occasion to groan. 

The Church of England, the Protestant Episcopal, was estab- 
lished by law, and everybody was taxed for its support, whether 
he believed in its form of worship or not. Moreover, the rich 
and the poor paid the same amount, an unjust plan, which was 
so bitterly resented that even at the present day the Maryland 
Declaration of Rights declares that '' the levying of taxes by 
the poll is grievous and oppressive" (Art. 15). Only a few of 
the people were Episcopalians, and the Puritans who had so 
earnestly labored to rid themselves of the " tyrannical Popish 
government " must have felt that they had rid themselves of 
altogether too much. To make matters as bad as possible, even 
under these circumstances, many of the Episcopal clergymen 
were soon noted as very corrupt men, some of whom were shame- 
less gamblers and drunkards. This was because they were not 
responsible to the people, and is, of course, no reflection on the 
Episcopal church. Savage laws were passed against the Catho- 
lics. No Catholic priest was permitted to perform his service ; 
no Catholic might take children to educate, under penalty of 
imprisonment for life ; and if a Catholic youth on coming of 
age was not willing to take certain oaths (which no conscien- 
tious Catholic could take), his property was to be taken and 
given to his nearest Protestant relative. Protestant dissenters, 
or those who did not worship according to the Established 
Church, were, after a time, allowed to have separate houses of 
worship, and priests were allowed to conduct service in private 
houses ; but everybody had to pay the tax for the support of 
the Episcopal church. 

43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis ; King William*s 
School. — Sir Lionel Copley died shortly after his arrival in 



62 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Maryland, and was succeeded by Francis Nicholson. After the 
latter's arrival in 1694 he summoned the Assembly to meet 
at Anne Arundel Town, later called AnnapoHs, and here the 
capital was permanently fixed. The people of St. Mary's were 
grieved and indignant, and sent an humble petition to the 

Assembly to recon- 
sider the matter. 
They received only a 
coarse and scornful 
refusal. The situa- 
tion of Annapolis was 
much more conven- 
ient, but it was cer- 
tainly unnecessary to 
address insulting lan- 
guage to the unfor- 
tunate people of St. 
Mary's. The removal 
of the capital proved 
a death-blow to the 



H|L 




''* 'r^^t^^HK 


Hjjj^Q 


K 




^^^H 


H 


■ 


•"< 


mM 


m 


1 


i 












^J 



The Old Treasury Building, Annapolis 



From a photograph 

first city of Maryland ; it dwindled away until little more than 
the name was left. 

Governor Nicholson was noted for his zeal in the cause of 
education, and in the year 1696 he succeeded in founding King 
William's School at AnnapoHs, himself contributing liberally for 
that purpose. 

44. The Province Restored to the Calverts. — During all this 
time Charles Calvert remained in England, secure in the enjoy- 
ment of his private rights, but deprived entirely of the rights as 

1 This old building, probably dating from the seventeenth century, was formerly the 
meeting place of the General Assembly ; it later became the office of the state treasurer 
and is now the office of the State Board of Education. 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 



63 



a ruler conferred by his charter. His son and heir, Benedict 
Leonard, perceiving that the misfortunes of his father had come 
upon him as a result of his fidelity to his religion, decided in his 
own case to sacrifice his religion 
for his province, and publicly 
renounced the faith of his father 
and became a member of the 
Church of England. This must 
have been a bitter blow to his 
father, who died soon afterward. 
The plea that the government 
of Maryland was not safe in 
CathoHc hands could now no 
longer be urged, and in 1715, 
with the death of Charles, the 
government of Maryland passed 
again into the hands of the 
Calverts. Benedict Leonard 
lived barely six weeks after the 
death of his father, but his 
young son, Charles, was ac- 
knowledged as fourth proprie- 
tary of Maryland, and the period 
of royal government came to 
an end. 

45. State of Society ; Manners, Customs, and Character of the 
People. — The hfe of a people is determined to a very great 
degree by the geography of the country they inhabit, and this 
fact is remarkably well illustrated in the case of Maryland. The 
soil was very fertile and invited cultivation, the forests and 
streams abounded in game and fish, while the magnificent ex- 
panse of the Chesapeake bay, with its numberless inlets and 




Charles Calvert, Fifth Lord Baltimore 

From a painting in the gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



64 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



navigable rivers, made communication easy. Thus towns were 
not needed and none were built. St. Mary's and Annapolis 
were simply places of meeting for the courts and for the trans- 
action of public business, and they refused to grow. St. Mary's 
never contained more than fifty or sixty houses, and even these 
were somewhat scattered. Maryland was thus wholly agricul- 
tural. Land was granted in large tracts, seldom less than fifty 




A Tobacco Field 
From a photograph 

acres and often embracing several thousands, and the owners, 
called planters, were engaged chiefly in the cultivation of tobacco. 
Most of the plantations bordered on the water, and each planter 
had his own "landing," or wharf, where vessels stopped to load 
his tobacco. In return for the tobacco the planters received 
wine, sugar, or salt fish ; furniture or tools ; or some other 
necessaries or luxuries which had to be imported, for there were 
no manufactures in the province. If the planter lived at a 
distance from the water's edge, he brought down his tobacco 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 



65 



over a ''rolling road " ; that is, an axle was fitted to the tobacco 
hogshead, thus making it both cart and load, a horse or an ox 
attached, and the tobacco 




thus drawn over a rough 
road to the landing. 

Many of the houses 
were built of logs, but the 
richer planters built sub-, 
stantial houses of brown or 
chocolate - colored bricks. 
These bricks were not 
brought from England, 
as has been supposed by 
many persons, but were made close at hand. 



C^^ 





Tobacco Hogshead Ready for Rolling 

From a model in the National Museum at 
Washington 

On the Eastern 



Shore, near the old brick houses, we can still find, sometimes, 
shallow pits from which clay was taken, and the remains of 
an old kiln near by. Food was at hand in unlimited quanti- 
ties : the forests swarmed with deer, turkeys, and other wild 
creatures, and the rivers and creeks were frequented by millions 
of ducks and geese, while fish and oysters could be taken by 
the boat load. Large numbers of hogs were allowed to run 
wild, each bearing its owner's mark. Little wheat was grown, 
but there was plenty of corn from which was made an abun- 
dance of hominy, hoe-cake, and pone. The corn was still 
pounded, as a rule, in mortars of wood, mills being very rare. 

The larger planters had more servants and lived in greater 
style than their less fortunate neighbors, though it could hardly 
be said they had more money, for tobacco was practically the 
only currency. Gifts, fees, and quit-rents were paid to the pro- 
prietary in tobacco ; the governor and other officers received 
a salary in tobacco ; fines were paid in tobacco ; and so were 
wages of all kinds and the salaries of clergymen. A man's 



66 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



wealth was estimated in pounds of tobacco, and whether he 
bought food and clothing or paid a marriage fee, tobacco was the 
money used. Servants were of several kinds. Negro slaves 
had early been introduced into the colony, but up to this time 
not a great many were held. Many white persons were held to 
service in the following way. If a person wanted to come out 
to America but did not have the money necessary to pay his 
passage, he might agree with the captain of the vessel to give a 

term of service in- 
stead. On the ar- 
rival of the vessel 
the captain sold 
the services of 
these persons to 
one of the colonists 
for a certain time, 
— two, three, or 
four years. These 
persons were called 
** redemptioners," 
or indented ser- 
vants. Their treat- 
ment was usually 
good, and at the 
end of their term of service they received clothing and pro- 
visions, with a farm of fifty acres. Of a less desirable character 
were the convicted criminals, many of whom were sent out to 
the colonies by the Enghsh government. Here they were sold 
to a master and compelled to work for a term of years, gen- 
erally seven or fourteen. Some of these were merely political 
offenders ; others were real criminals, against whose coming 
the colonies entered frequent but vain protests. 




The Murray House, Anne Arundel County, Maryland 
Built in 1743 

From a photograph 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 



67 



The people seem to have been of a shrewd and thoughtful 
character, though few were well educated and there were as yet 
no newspapers in the province. In disposition they were in- 
clined to be mild rather than hard or cruel. Few crimes of a 

serious nature are recorded. The 

I 

laws of England at this time were 
very severe ; for instance, if a mother 
stole food for her starving children, 
and its value exceeded a shilling, 
she incurred the penalty of death. 
The pillory and stocks were in con- 
stant use. These savage English 
laws were generally in force, but the 
sentences under them were rarely 
executed. Our milder people usually 
modified the more severe ones. It 
was regarded as a serious crime for 
a servant to run away from his mas- 
ter, or to " steal himself," the pen- 
alty being death or an extra period 
of servitude. We read of a Susan 
Frizell, who ran away from her 
master and mistress and so got her- 
self sentenced to an extra term of service ; yet when she com- 
plained bitterly of her hard treatment, the judges pitied her and 
declared that she should be set free. In justice, however, her 
master must be paid five hundred pounds of tobacco. Several 
kind gentlemen who were present then subscribed six hundred 
pounds of tobacco to prevent poor Susan from serving another 
master for this amount, so that she found herself " a free 
woman, with one hundred pounds of tobacco, so to speak, in 
her pocket." 




A Pillory 

From a drawing by Homer Colby 
based on contemporary sources 



68 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The people of Maryland were noted also for their boundless 
hospitality. Guests were always gladly received and royally 
entertained. Travel was difficult, for the roads were wretchedly 
poor and there were few carriages, travelers being compelled to 
proceed on horseback over mere paths. 



RO N away from the Subfcriber, at Off>-i\ MuPUmough^ m 
Prince Gtorge'h County, Maryhntt^ on'Sund^f^ithf a^tk- 
.0*'tiiii3lnllaftt ytily^ an Bf^gUjh Servant- M^n" nspfled'^a^w (;</,. 
:JhM!t4^iaip9rted by Vit. John hanxfhjttg from' tsAjerMol ; I'nc has- 

l»&:0iMtw-llQl^4isd^, is about 35 Years old, middk-Siz"^ 
I sod w«a-lkf^ He tei on m Oibabrigs Shirt, black EverlaiHng 
I Breeches, ^Certi.n Serg^ Wssikoai with yellow ckTpp'd But- 
: tons wid nd Sleereif, an old (S6s^jk^^airM>"d Hole, and a 

new Felt Hat. H» «ai^*ii f^kfe-HijS -two fpare Sisirts, the one 
I fee, the other coarie; ,snd i^liipj^^cd^ be ^mt in Com^y 

^* Whoever brings tkt laid Servant Jo tha SSbfbribe?, &afl 
h»i^T^iffSAtf Shffiings Keward^ Btfide^.wiat. the law allows. 



Advertisement for a Runaway Servant 
From The MaryhiJid Gazette of July 19, 1745 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

33. The Maryland Constitution. 

The government of Maryland to 1658 characterized by change and ex- 
periment ; cause of these characteristics. 

The government permanently organized in 1658. 

State the duties of the proprietary, the powers and duties of the 
governor, and those of the secretary. 

Describe the organization of the Assembly ; the judicial system. 

34. The Administration of Governor Fendall, and His Rebellion. 

Josias Fendall succeeds Stone as governor. 

Difficulty with the Quakers, and its cause. 

FendalPs rebellion. 

Philip Calvert appointed governor ; end of the rebellion. 



MARYLAND BECOMES A ROYAL PROVINCE 69 

35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor ; Death of Cecilius, and Character of 

His Successor. 
Overproduction of tobacco ; the proprietary fails in his eflfort to relieve 

the situation by circulating coin. 
Death of Cecilius Calvert; his high character. 
Character of Charles Calvert, second proprietary. 

36. Loss of Territory. 

The Swedes and Dutch in Maryland. 

The Dutch colonies seized by the Duke of York. 

William Penn and his schemes. 

He succeeds in depriving Maryland of much valuable territory. 

37. Affairs in England. 

James II is deposed, and succeeded by William and Mary. 

38. The rhfacult Position of the Second Proprietary ; Fear and Hatred of the 

Catholics. 
What made Lord Baltimore's position difficult? 
Absurd charges against the Catholics believed by the people. 
His religion the most serious difficulty of Lord Baltimore. 

39. Other Causes of Discontent. 

Members of the Calvert family hold the chief offices. 
Controversies between the two Houses of Assembly. 

40. Murder of the King's Collectors. 

Ill feeling between the collectors and Maryland government. 

The murder of Collector Rousby. 

Effects of the murder of the king's collectors. 

41. The Protestant Revolution (1689), by which Maryland Became a Royal 

Province. 
Why were not William and Mary proclaimed? 
Formation of the Protestant Association. 

Who was president of the Association, and what was his character? 
With what success cUd the rebellion meet? 
Mention the probable causes of the Protestant Revolution. 
What was the effect of the revolution on the position of Lord Balti- 
more ? 

42. The Royal Government ; Religious Intolerance and the Established Church. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church established, and everybody taxed for 
its support. Persecution of the Catholics. 

43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis ; King William's School. 

Francis Nicholson appointed governor. 

He removes the capital to Annapolis and founds there King William's 

School. 
The fate of St. Mary's. 



70 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

44. The Province Restored to the Calverts. 

How was Maryland restored to the Calverts? 

Death of Charles Calvert and succession of Benedict Leonard. • 

Succession of Charles, fifth baron and fourth proprietary. 

45. State of Society ; Manners, Customs, and Character of the People. 

Show how the physical geography of Maryland affected the life of the 

people. 
What was the chief occupation of the people? 
How did the planters sell their tobacco and obtain their supplies? 
Describe the houses of this period. 
Tell what you can about the food of the people. 
Describe the money in use. 
Tell about the different kinds of servants held. 
Generally speaking, what was the character of the Maryland people at 

the end of the seventeenth century? 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. How many of the functions of government were united in the governor''s 

council ? Show how the powers of the proprietary were dangerously 
large. Name the particulars in which you think the form of government 
in Maryland in 1658 was good, and those in which it was bad, and 
give reasons for your opinion. 

2. What fact is shown by the prompt collapse of FendalPs rebellion? 

3. Find the meaning of " nepotism." Is it a fault? Was Charles Calvert's 

policy in this respect right? Was it wise? Are Quakers excused 
from taking oaths at the present time? What did the contests between 
the Houses of Assembly show about the spirit of the people? 

4. Explain as fully as you can the causes of the Protestant Revolution. 

What just cases of complaint were there against the proprietary gov- 
ernment? What charges were groundless? 
Compare the condition of the people under the royal government with 
their condition under the proprietary ; was the change to their ad- 
vantage ? 

REFERENCES 

Browne's Maryland, pp. 90-202. Browne's Calverts, pp. 160-175. Fiske's Old 
Virginia and Her A'eighbors,\o\. II., pp. 139-169. Sparks' Causes of the Maryland 
/^evolution of i68g (Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Politics, 
Pourteenth Series, xi-xii). Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see 
index for topics desired. 



CHAPTER V 
THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 

46. Effects of the Royal Government. — The royal govern- 
ment had now come to an end, and the control was again in the 
hands of Calvert, but you are not to suppose that the proprie- 
tary government after its restoration was like the rule of Cecil- 
ius or Charles. In name it was identical, and constitutionally 
it was the same, but conditions had changed vastly, and in 
reality the character of the proprietary government had changed 
with them. Religious toleration was not restored, and the people 
were still taxed for the support of the Episcopal church. The 
new proprietary was a Protestant, dependent upon the favor of 
a Protestant king, and there was thus no great rehgious barrier 
between him and the majority of his people. The colonists were 
no longer divided into classes, friendly and unfriendly to the 
proprietary, and the change was in many respects merely a 
change in name. The revolution of 1689 had given a new char- 
acter to Maryland history, and it was a change that had comcN 
to stay for the life of the province. 

One of the last acts of the royal government was also one of 
the best. The laws of the province, many of which had been 
enacted for limited times, while alterations and amendments had 
frequently taken place, had fallen into great confusion. By 
the Assembly of 171 5 a complete revision was made, and a copy 
of the body of laws thus made sent to each county. So well was 
this work done that it laid the foundations of legislation that 
has lasted almost to the present day. 

71 



72 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen ; the Founding 
of Baltimore ; Coming of the Germans. — The rule of the fourth 
proprietary was, on the whole, mild and just. The royal gov- 
ernor, Hart, was continued in office for a time. He was suc- 
ceeded in turn by Charles Calvert, probably a relative of the 
proprietary, and Benedict Leonard Calvert, brother of the pro- 
prietary. The latter was succeeded, on his resignation in 1731, 
by Samuel Ogle. Lord Baltimore was present and governed 
personally from December, 1732, to June, 1733. The period 
was one of peace and prosperity, but was marked by struggles 
between the two Houses of Assembly, the Lower House jeal- 
ously guarding the rights and liberties of the people. Highly 
significant was the determined stand made by the people and 
their representatives in Maryland for all the rights and privileges 
of the people of England, in particular their contention that 
Maryland was entitled to the benefit of the common and statute 
law of England. This was undoubtedly one of the far-off begin- 
nings of the American Revolution. 

The most important event of this period was the founding of 
the city of Baltimore. The slow growth of towns in the early 
times has already been mentioned. The Assembly found it use- 
less to lay off towns and invest them with privileges ; people 
would not buy the lots and build houses, and so there were no 
towns. For ninety years the only real towns of the province 
were St. Mary's and Annapolis. Joppa, on the Gunpowder river, 
flourished for fifty years, and then dwindled away to ** a soli- 
tary house and a grass-grown graveyard." Baltimore's success 
was Joppa's ruin. Three towns named Baltimore are mentioned 
before the founding of Baltimore on the Patapsco. There was 
a Baltimore on the Bush river, Baltimore county, in 1683 ; an- 
other in Dorchester county, in 1693 ; and a third in St. Mary's 
countv. 



74 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



The planters about the Patapsco being m need of a port, the 
Assembly passed an act in 1729 for the purchase of the neces- 
sary land, which was bought of Daniel and Charles Carroll. 
Settlers immediately took up the land bordering on the water. 
The city is possessed of an excellent harbor, and although its 
growth for several years was very slow, it has now come to be a 
leading seaport and one of the largest cities in the Union. 




View of Hagerstown 
From a photograph 

Important in the upbuilding of Baltimore were the Germans, 
who settled in Maryland in the first half of the eighteenth cen- 
tury. The majority of the Germans "drifted down" from 
Pennsylvania, but many came directly from Germany. In 1732 
Lord Baltimore offered very liberal terms to settlers in western 
Maryland, and many Germans, with some others, took advan- 
tage of the offer. In 1735 about one hundred families came over 
from Germany, under the leadership of Thomas Schley, progen- 
itor of the prominent Maryland and Georgia families of that name. 
The Germans continued to come, both from Germany and Penn- 




•a ho 

O) o 
<1 fe 



je LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

sylvania, many settling in Baltimore city and county, but more 
in the western counties. In 1 745 the Germans founded Frederick, 
named either for Frederick Calvert or for the heir-apparent to 
the EngHsh throne. In 1762 Hagerstovvn was laid out by 
Jonathan Hager, the town being called Elizabeth at first, in 
honor of Hager's wife. These Germans were thrifty and in- 
dustrious people ; their mechanics were skillful, as a rule, and 
their merchants or traders enterprising and successful. The 
first care of the Germans when they settled a new community 
was a schoolhouse, and their next, a church. They have con- 
tributed a very valuable element to the population of Maryland. 

Scotch-Irish immigrants also contributed to the population of 
western Maryland. 

48. Mason and Dixon^s Line ; Further Loss of Territory. — 
How Maryland lost much valuable territory through the schemes 
of William Penn has already been related (see Sec. 36). The 
wicked decision by which, in 1685, Penn gained part of the 
Eastern Shore of Maryland (Delaware), settled the eastern boun- 
dary, but the northern boundary was not at that time established. 
There was no conflict between the charters, as both named the 
fortieth parallel as the boundary ; but Penn would never agree 
to running a line as the charters had fixed it. Penn died in 17 18, 
but his sons succeeded to his designs, and '' by some unexplained 
means obtained from Charles, Lord Baltimore, in 1732, a written 
agreement by which he yielded all that they demanded, and pre- 
sented them with two and a half millions of acres of territory to 
which they had not even the shadow of a claim." ^ 

Before long, however. Lord Baltimore seems to have discov- 
ered his costly mistake, and to have made some effort to save 
himself. The unsettled state of affairs naturally led to a border 
warfare between the settlers in the disputed territory. In the 
course of these affrays men were roughly treated and impris- 

1 William Hand Browne's Maryland: The History of a Palatinate, p. 212. 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE yj 



^RSi 


1 






1 




^■^ 




' ! 


I 






I 


^Bi 




i|ir 


■ 


^■-1' 


ill' 


m^ 
ll!^. 


1 




I^^^^^^^^Bi. ' S^^tii 






Five Mile Stone, Mason and Dixon's Line 
From photographs of the original in possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

oned, houses were burned, and some lives were lost. One bold 
Marylander who took a leading part in the contests was Thomas 
Cresap. The Pennsylvanians hated him accordingly, and a 
party of them burned his house and carried him off to jail in 
Philadelphia, where he taunted them by exclaiming, " Why, 
this is the finest city in the province of Maryland ! " The dispute 
after a while became so dangerous that it was necessary for the 
king to issue an order for the parties to keep the peace until a 
decision was reached in the English courts. 



78 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

A settlement was not reached until 1760, when Charles Cal- 
vert was compelled to carry out the agreement of 1732., On 
the east the line ran from a point midway between Cape Hen- 
lopen and Chesapeake bay until it touched a circle of twelve 
miles' radius drawn from New Castle as a centre, then north to 
a point fifteen miles south of Philadelphia, and from thence due 
west. Even then, the Penns managed to run the line from 
" False Cape," twenty-three miles south of the true Cape Henlo- 
pen. The boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania was 
finally established in 1 763-1 767 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah 
Dixon, two noted English mathematicians. Milestones were set 
upas the surveyors proceeded, and on every fifth stone were placed 
the arms of Lord Baltimore and those of the Penns, on the 
proper sides. This line was then called Mason and Dixon's 
Line, and became celebrated as the boundary line between the 
Northern and Southern sections of the United States, — before 
the Civil War the dividing line between the free and the slave 
states. 

It will be remembered that according to the charter of Mary- 
land the boundary line ran along the south bank of the Potomac 
river to its source, and thence northward to the fortieth parallel. 
In the early days it was not certain whether the source was at 
the head of the north or of the south branch, and after the south 
branch was proved to be the true source the question of the 
control of the territory remained in dispute. Virginia claimed 
as far as the northern branch, and finally, in 1852, the Mary- 
land Assembly, for some reason, gave up Maryland's claims, 
thus sacrificing about half a million acres of fertile land on the 
south and west, to which the state was undoubtedly entitled. 

49. Frederick Calvert becomes Fifth Proprietary. — In 1751 
Charles Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore and fourth proprietary of 
Maryland, died, and was succeeded by his son Frederick, the 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 79 

sixth and last of the Barons of Baltimore. Frederick was a 
man of exceedingly bad character. He was selfish and guilty 
of some of the worst vices, and seemed to care nothing for his 
province except to get all the money out of it that he possibly 
could for the enjoyment of his selfish and immoral pleasures. 
He never visited Maryland. 

50. Wars with the French ; the English Gain Control of North 
America. — The Enghsh were not in undisturbed possession of 
North America. The colonies of the English extended in a 
long line down the Atlantic coast, but the vast region along the 
St. Lawrence river, the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi river 
had been to some extent explored and settled by the French. 
This territory the French took vigorous measures to retain. 
But the EngUsh laid claim to the whole of the continent, by 
virtue of the explorations of Cabot, who sailed along the Atlantic 
coast in 1497, and again in 1498. The natural result of the 
jealousy thus aroused was a great struggle between the English 
and the French, to determine which should be the masters of 
this continent. The first of the four wars that followed was 
King William's War, which broke out when William became 
king of England, and took his name. Then followed in succes- 
sion Queen Anne's War and King George's War, named from 
the reigning sovereigns of England. In these struggles Mary- 
land was not much involved, beyond requests for money to help 
to carry on the war in other parts of the continent. But we 
now come to the final struggle for the possession of the great 
prize, which lasted from 1754 to 1763.^ 

King George's War ended in 1748, but the peace was recog- 
nized as a mere truce, preceding the decisive conflict. The 
French erected forts and prepared themselves energetically. 
The Enghsh, especially in Maryland and Virginia, cast longing 

1 War was not formally declared until 1756, after two years of fighting. 



8o 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



eyes across the Alleghany mountains, and presently the Ohio 
Company was formed for the purpose of colonizing the country 
along the Ohio river. At the point where the Allegheny and 
Monongahela unite to form the Ohio, called the Gateway of the 
West, the EngHsh began the construction of a fort, but a 
stronger party of French drove them off and erected a fort for 
themselves, which they called Fort Duquesne. On the way to 
strengthen the English at this very time was a party of Virginia 

troops under George 
Washington, then only 
twenty-one years of 
age, but destined, in 
coming years, to play 
the most important part 
in American history. 

When matters began 
to grow serious, a force 
was sent over from 
England under General 
Braddock, an able and 
experienced officer. 
Both the English and 
the French made use 
of Indian aUies, particularly the French. The war, indeed, is 
known as the French and Indian War. The Indians did not 
fight in open field like Europeans, but dehghted to surprise an 
enemy from ambush and shoot down men while they themselves 
were concealed by trees and rocks. But the most terrible feature 
of Indian wars was the murder of families taking no direct part in 
the contest. Men, women, and children were not only murdered, 
but tortured with the most horrible cruelty. Now Braddock, in 
spite of his skill, knew nothing of Indian methods of fighting, and 




Fort Duquesne 

From a drawing by Charles Copeland, based on a 
photograph and contemporary sources 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 8 1 



thought that while the savages beat the colonial troops, they could 
be no match for his own disciplined soldiers. He accordingly 
marched through western Maryland, directly on Fort Duquesne, 
rejecting with scorn the advice of Washington and others, and 
refusing to allow rangers and scouts to go in advance 
to prevent surprise. When a short distance from the 
fort a murderous fire was suddenly poured into his 
troops by a hidden foe — he had fallen into an Indian 
ambush. Such warfare was new to the king's troops, 
and they huddled together like sheep, to be shot down 
in scores. Braddock was mortally wounded, and the 
remnant of the army was brought 
off through the skill of Washing- 
ton. 

The frontier was now left ex- 
posed, and the savages swept down 
upon scattered homes, burning 
houses, murdering the inhabitants, 
and torturing and mangling horri- 
bly, without regard to age or sex. The panic extended even to 
the Chesapeake bay. Horatio Sharpe, an able and energetic 
man, had been governor of Maryland since 1753. When the 
news of Braddock's defeat reached AnnapoHs, Sharpe hurried 
at once to Fort Cumberland (on the present site of Cumberland 
city), where he found all in confusion and alarm. The governor 
did his best to encourage the frightened people ; he caused a 
line of stockades, or small forts, to be built, and later a strong 
stone fort called Fort Frederick, near the site of the present 
town of Hancock. Fort Cumberland was too far west to afford 
much protection. Order was gradually restored, while the v/ar 
was fought out in the north, but Indian outrages were long 
continued west of the Blue Ridge. The great strongholds of 




82 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



the French were captured, and the war ended in complete vic- 
tory for the English. Peace was concluded in 1763 by the 
treaty of Paris, and France gave up to England all territory 
east of the Mississippi river. 




Old Fort Frederick 
From a photograph 

51. Governor Sharpe and the Assemblies. — During the French 
and Indian War there were many sharp disputes between the 
governor and the Lower House of Assembly. The Lower 
House resisted the demands of the king and insisted that the 
proprietary should pay a share of the expenses for the defense 
of the province by paying taxes on his estates. This was of 
course resisted by the governor, who was bound to protect the 
interests of the proprietary, but after a severe struggle he was 
obhged to yield. This shows the independent spirit of the 
people, though it must be acknowledged that the delegates 
seemed to grudge the expenditure of money in any cause, and 
so stubborn a stand as they took for this principle can scarcely 
be justified when we remember that it was at the cost of the 
lives of the people. At one time, indeed, the angry settlers of 
Frederick county threatened to march on Annapolis and compel 
the Assembly to vote supplies. While we honor their defense 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 83 

of the rights of the people, therefore, we cannot but regret that 
they should have displayed such meanness and obstinacy. 

52. England's Oppressions, and Growth of the Spirit of Free- 
dom. — At this time the king of England was George III, a 
man of singular narrowness and obstinacy. Hard laws had 
long been in force, by which the commerce of the American 
colonies was seriously interfered with and manufactures 
repressed. In a word, the colonies were governed with no 
regard for their own welfare, but only with a view to the advan- 
tage of the mother country. But the colonists were always a 
sturdy and liberty-loving people, willing to give up none of their 
rights as Englishmen, and the result of the various oppressions 
of the mother country had been the growth of a strong sentiment 
for freedom and a determination firmly to maintain their rights. 

When the French wars were over, the king and Parliament 
declared that the resulting advantages went to the Americans, 
and that they ought to pay a share of the enormous expenses 
that had been incurred. The colonies had paid a share, for- 
during the progress of the wars they had furnished men, money, 
and supplies, and had suffered heavy losses of life and property. 
Yet it was not this so much that the Americans urged, as the 
fact that the manner of raising the money was illegal and 
oppressive. It was claimed that when Parliament imposed taxes 
on the American colonies, it violated a right of Englishmen that 
had been acknowledged for centuries : that they could be taxed 
only by their ozvn representatives. This principle had prevailed 
in the colonies from the earhest times, where taxes were imposed 
by the Assembhes, composed of the representatives of the 
people ; the colonies had no representatives in Parliament. The 
position of Maryland was particularly strong, since her charter 
expressly exempted her from taxation by the EngUsh king, 
which was construed to mean the Enghsh government. 



84 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



53. The Stamp Act ; Maryland Asserts Her Rights. — But the 
English government was determined to raise a tax in America, 
and accordingly, in March, 1765, Parliament passed the famous 
Stamp Act. This required that stamps, issued by the British 
government, should be bought and placed on all legal and busi- 
ness documents and newspapers. Everywhere throughout the 
colonies the highest excitement and indignation prevailed, and 
it was determined never to use the stamps. When Hood, the 
stamp distributor for Maryland, arrived, considerably more 
attention was bestowed upon him than he. 
found agreeable. In several places his 
effigy was whipped, hanged, and burned; 
his house in Annapohs was torn down, and 
he himself obliged to flee from the prov- 
ince. When the British ship Hawke ar- 
rived, bearing the stamps, the governor did 

tllt;iR!.i;iiriir -^ i::£. ;i!,g:rfemi'v ■ I When the Assembly met, resolutions were 

drawn up and unanimously passed, in which 
the rights of the people of Maryland were 
emphatically asserted. It was declared 
that the first settlers of Maryland had brought with them from 
England and transmitted to their children all the rights and 
privileges possessed by the people of Great Britain, and it was,- 
moreover, pointed out that these rights were expressly preserved 
to them in their charter, together with exemption from taxation 
by the king. They further declared that the right to impose 
taxes upon the people of Maryland rested with the Assembly, 
and that any tax imposed by any other authority was a violation 
of their rights. 

When the time came for the Stamp Act to go into operation, 
the court of Frederick county boldly declared that its business 




A British Stamp 
From an original stamp 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 85 

should be carried on without stamps,^ and other courts soon fol- 
lowed the example. Throughout the colonies the same fierce 
resentment was shown against the Stamp Act. Associations 
called the Sons of Liberty were formed, and the people generally 
refused to use the stamps. Under these circumstances Parlia- 
ment wisely repealed the Stamp Act, and for the moment the 
colonists went wild with joy. 

54. Parliament again Taxes America. — The joy was short- 
lived. The very next year a bill was passed by Parliament 
laying a tax on tea, glass, paper, and other articles when 
brought into American ports. Custom-house officers were 
empowered to enter private houses at their pleasure in search of 
smuggled goods. This act aroused a fiercer opposition, if pos- 
sible, than had the Stamp Act. Associations were formed whose 
members bound themselves not to import the taxed goods. 
The associators were careful to allow no forbidden goods to 
land, and in at least one case sent an English vessel away from 
Annapolis with all her cargo. 

The Assembly of Massachusetts sent a circular letter to the 
Assembhes of the other colonies, inviting them to take measures 
for resisting England's violation of their liberties. Governor 
Sharpe asked the Maryland Assembly to treat the letter "with 
the contempt that it deserves." The delegates replied sharply, 
declaring that they would not be frightened by a few *' sounding 
, expressions " from doing what was right. They further told 
the governor that it was not their present business to tell him 
what they intended to do, and added, " Whenever we apprehend 
the rights of the people to be affected, we shall not fail boldly 
to assert, and steadily to endeavor to maintain them." The 
Assembly then prepared a bold and manly, but respectful 

1 In commemoration of this event November 23 is now celebrated (as a bank half holi- 
day) in Frederick county as " Repudiation Day." 



86 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

address to the king, and returned a favorable answer to the 
letter of the Massachusetts Assembly. 

55. Governor Eden; Death of Frederick Calvert. — Governor 
Sharpe was succeeded in June, 1769, by Sir Robert Eden, the 
last proprietary governor of Maryland. The new governor, 
who was a brother-in-law of the proprietary, was a man of 
worthy character and pleasing manners, and he succeeded in 
winning the respect and to some extent the affection of the 
people of Maryland. But the spirit of the people was thoroughly 
aroused, and the governor was too prudent to offer much 
resistance. 

Frederick Calvert, the last Lord Baltimore, died in 177 1. By 
the will of his father the province fell to his sister, Louisa 
Browning ; but Frederick left a will himself, by which he made 
an illegitimate son, Henry Harford, proprietary of Maryland. 
The latter is usually recognized as the sixth proprietary, 
but there was a suit in the EngUsh Court of Chancery, 
and before a decision was reached, Maryland had become an 
independent state. 

56. The Debate betv/een Charles Carroll of CarroUton and 
Daniel Dulany. — The new governor was scarcely seated before 
he met with opposition. There was a heated dispute between 
the Houses of Assembly in 1770, as a result of which the 
session ended without the renewal of the acts fixing the fees of 
officers of the government and imposing the tax for the support 
of the Episcopal church, these acts having expired in that year. 
The governor thereupon revived the old acts by proclamation, 
which the people regarded as an invasion of their rights, and 
resisted accordingly. 

A prolonged debate took place through the columns of the 
Maryland Gazette, published at Annapolis/ An article was 
written by Daniel Dulany, the secretary of the province and 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 8/ 

a lawyer of great ability. The article was written in the form 
of a dialogue between two citizens; the First Citizen argued 
against the action of the governor, while the Second Citizen 
defended it, and was made to win the argument. But a cham- 
pion of the people now appeared in the person of Charles 
Carroll of Carrollton, who proved a powerful antagonist. He 
was descended from Cathohc gentlemen who, in spite of their 
religion, had long held offices under the proprietary. He had 
been educated in Paris and had studied law for seven years in 
England. Mr. Carroll pubHshed a series of articles as the First 
Citizen, whose arguments had not been properly stated in the 
first article, and in the popular opinion he won a complete 
victory. 

57. The Burning of the Peggy Stewart^ October 19, 1774. — In 
1770 Parliament took off the tax from all the articles except 
tea, which was left in order to assert its right to impose a tax. 
But the Americans were contending for a principle, too, and 
although it was ingeniously arranged that the tea on which a duty 
had been paid should cost less than smuggled tea, yet the people 
stood firm. When tea was sent to Boston, the people, after 
other means had failed, sent on board a party disguised as 
Indians, who threw the cargo into the sea. 

On the 14th of October, 1774, the Peggy Stewart arrived at 
AnnapoHs with about two thousand pounds of tea. The owner of 
the vessel, Anthony Stewart, paid the duty on the tea in order 
to land the rest of the cargo. Stewart was a member of the 
non-importation society, and his act. aroused the most violent 
indignation. On the 19th of October a large meeting 
was held at Annapolis to decide what should be done in the 
case. Stewart was thoroughly frightened, and signed an abject 
apology, further agreeing to land and burn the tea. This 
satisfied the majority, but to many persons it did not seem suf- 




i.uii.iiig of the Peggy Stewart 
From a painting by Frank B. Mayer, in the State House at Annapohs 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 89 



ficient punishment, and the latter threatened that the vessel 
would be burned also. This minority assumed so threatening 
an attitude that Stewart, on the advice of Charles Carroll, ran 
the vessel aground, and with his own hands set her on fire. 
The crowd looked on while she burned to the water's edge. 
All this was done openly and publicly in broad dayhght, by 
men who were not ashamed of what they did, and who had no 
fear of the consequences. The leader of the minority party 
that forced this extreme measure 
was Dr. Charles Alexander War- 
field, of upper Anne Arundel, now 
Howard county. 

58. The Convention and the Coun- 
cil of Safety. — The proprietary 
government gradually lost power, 
and ceased to rule except in name, 
as the people assumed control of 
their own affairs. A temporary gov^ 
ernment was formed. The supreme 
authority was in the hands of a 
Convention, composed of delegates 
from all the counties; the execu- 
tive power was vested in a Council 
of Safety; and county affairs were 
controlled by Committees of Observation. In July, 1775, the 
Convention formally assumed the control of affairs. A declara- 
tion was drawn up in which the wrongs committed by the British 
government were recited, and it was declared that the choice 
now lay between " base submission or manly opposition to un- 
controllable tyranny," and that the framers were " firmly per- 
suaded that it is necessary and justifiable to repel force by 
force." 




Charles Alexander Warfield 

From a print in possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



90 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The authority of the Convention was supreme, yet its exercise 
was always characterized by moderation and a respect for the 
forms of law. Its management of affairs was just and admirable, 
and we have a right to be proud of the dignified self-control 
which the people showed at this trying time, even in the very 
act of resorting to forceful extremes in the defense of their rights. 

59. War with England Begins ; Ideas of Independence. — In 
June, 1776, Governor Eden was required to leave the province, 
and even the semblance of the proprietary government was at 
an end. 

When it became necessary for the colonies to act in concert 
for the defense of their liberties, delegates were sent to represent 
all the colonies in a Congress which met at Philadelphia. 
Addresses were sent to the king, only to be treated with scorn. 
Soldiers were sent over to keep the Americans in awe, and hos- 
tilities soon broke out. The British general sent a body of troops 
to seize some military stores that had been collected at Concord, 
Massachusetts, and there occurred as a result the skirmish known 
as the battle of Lexington, — the first battle of the Revolutionary 
War. The battle of Bunker Hill soon followed. 

Up to this time few persons entertained the idea of a separa- 
tion from England. They were determined to fight, if neces- 
sary, for their rights, and to win them ; but for "old England " 
they still felt a warm affection, as the land of those very liberties 
for which they were contending. But as time went on, men came 
to see very plainly that there was no hope of coming to any under- 
standing with George III, and that if the colonies were not 
willing to submit to tyranny, there was no hope for them but in 
independence. When this became apparent, there was no longer 
any hesitation. It was moved in the Congress that "these United 
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
states," and on July 4, 1776, Congress adopted the immortal 



s o <, 


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A 


O 1 T H K \ 


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M EN ... 






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A N 


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Declaration of the Association of Freemen 
From a print in the State House at Annapolis 



92 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Declaration of Independence. A new nation was born into the 
sisterhood of the world, destined to become the greatest of them 
all. 

60. Maryland Becomes a Sovereign State. — After the whole 
people of Maryland had expressed their desire for indepen- 
dence, the delegates from Maryland in the Congress were in- 
structed to unite in the Declaration of Independence which the 
other colonies werp now ready to make in Congress assembled. 
The signers for Maryland were Samuel Chase, William Paca,_ 
Thomas Stone, and Charles Carroll of Carrollton. But Maryland 
desired to speak independently for herself, and on the 6th of 
July declared her own independence through the Convention. 
In their Declaration the people pointed out the many oppressive 
acts of Great Britain ; they declared that a war had been unjustly 
commenced, and then prosecuted with cruelty and outrageous 
violence, and that the king had even hired foreign soldiers to 
fight them, while rejecting their humble and dutiful petitions 
with scorn. They further declared : " Compelled by dire neces- 
sity, either to surrender our properties, liberties, and lives into 
the hands of a British king and Parliament, or to use such means 
as will most probably secure to us and our posterity those invalu- 
able blessings, — 

*' We, the Delegates of Maryland, in Convention assembled, do 
declare that the King of Great Britain has violated his compact 
with this people, and they owe no allegiance to him." 

Thus by the united action of the colonies, and by the voice of 
her own citizens in convention assembled, did Maryland cast off 
her allegiance to Great Britain. The province became a thing 
of the past — Maryland a free and sovereign state. 

61. Formation of the State Government. — The proprietary 
government having been abolished, it was of course necessary 
to form another in its place. A convention for this purpose 





Charles Carroll of Carrollton 



Samuel Chase 





William Paca 



Tliomas Stone 



Maryland Signers of the Declaration of Independence 
F'rom paintings in tlie State House at Annapolis 



94 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



met in August, 1776. A Bill of Rights and a Constitution were 
prepared : the former set forth in a general way the_ rights of 
the people, such as freedom of worship, the right to make their 
own laws, and to alter the form of their own government ; the 
latter replaced the charter, fixing the form of government. There 




The State House, Annapolis 
From a photograph, showing recent improvements 

were three departments of the government : the legislative, or 
law-making; the executive, or law-enforcing ; and the judicial, 
which explains the laws and by applying them directly to men's 
actions dispenses justice! The legislative power was vested in 
a General Assembly, composed of two branches, the Senate and 
the House of Delegates. The chief executive power was vested 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 95 



in a governor. The judicial power was vested in the judges of 
the various courts. The delegates were elected by the people, 
while the senators were elected by a college of electors who were 
chosen by the people, nine senators to be chosen from the 
Western Shore and six from the 
Eastern. The governor was elected 
annually by the legislature, and had 
no veto power ; he had an executive 
council to assist him, and he could 
not serve for more than three years 
at a time. The judges were ap- 
pointed by the governor with the 
advice of the Senate. A man must 
be worth a certain amount in order 
to vote, in order to be a delegate he 
must be worth more, in order to be 
a senator he must be worth still 
more, while to be governor he must 
be yet richer. These restrictions 
have long since been removed. Under this Constitution Thomas 
Johnson was elected first governor of Maryland. He was pro- 
claimed as such at Annapolis on March 21, 1777, amid the re- 
joicings of the people. 




Thomas Johnson 

From a painting in the State House 
at Annapolis 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

46. Effects of the Royal Government. 

Permanence of the changes wrought by the royal government. 
Revision of the laws of the province. 

47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen; the Founding of Baltimore 

City ; Coming of the Germans. 
The Lower House claims the privileges of Englishmen for the citizens 

of Maryland ; significance of the claim. 
Slow growth of towns in the early history of the province. 
Founding of the city of Baltimore ; its growth and present importance. 



96 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

German settlers ; towns founded by them ; their character and impor- 
tance. 

48. Mason and Dixon's Line ; Further Loss of Territory. 

The sons of William Penn dupe Lord Baltimore. 

Border warfare ; the adventure of Thomas Cresap. 

The boundary line run by Mason and Dixon. 

Mason and Dixon's Line the boundary between the North and the South. 

Loss of territory on the south and west. 

49. Frederick Calvert Becomes Fifth Proprietary. 

Character of Frederick Calvert. 

50. Wars with the French ; the English Gain Control of North America. 

Conflicting claims of the English and French. 

Four wars waged for the control of the continent^ 

Formation of the Ohio Company. 

Fort Duquesne and the appearance of George Washington. 

Braddock's march on Fort Duquesne and his defeat. 

Results of Braddock's defeat ; the erection of Fort Frederick. 

The wars end in the complete triumph of England. 

51. Governor Sharpe and the Assemblies. 

The proprietary's estates taxed. 
Attitude of the delegates ; its merits and its faults. 
53. England's Oppressions, and Growth of the Spirit of Freedom. 

British restrictions on American commerce and manufactures. 
Feeling of the mother country toward the colonies. 
Character of the colonists. 

Parliament attempts to tax the colonies without their consent. 
What great privilege of Englishmen did this violate? 
What gave the position of Maryland peculiar strength? 

53. The Stamp Act ; Maryland Asserts Her Rights. 

What was required by the Stamp Act? 

How was it received by the colonies? 

Describe the treatment of the stamp distributor in Maryland. 

What resolutions were passed by the Maryland Assembly? 

How did the courts of Maryland treat the Stamp Act? 

Who were the Sons of Liberty? 

54. Parliament again Taxes America. 

A tax on tea, glass, paper, and other articles. 
The Non-importation Association. 
Reply of the Assembly to Governor Sharpe. 
The Assembly's address to the king. 

55. Governor Eden ; Death of Frederick Calvert. 

Character of Robert Eden. 



THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE 97 

Death of Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore ; he wills the province of 
Maryland to Henry Harford. 

56. The Debate between Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Daniel Dulany. 

What laws expired in 1770? 

How did the governor restore them? 

Describe the article by Daniel Dulany. 

Who replied to Dulany, and under what name did he write? 

Whom did the people regard as victorious? 

57. The Burning of the Peggy Stewart, October 19, 1774. 

How tea was received in Boston. 

The Peggy Stewart arrives at Annapolis, and her owner pays the duty 

on some tea which she carries. 
Stewart^s submission. 
He is compelled to burn the Peggy Stewart. 

58. The Convention and the Council of Safety. 

The people assume control of their alTairs. 
How the government was administered. 
The admirable conduct of the convention. 

59. War with England Begins ; Ideas of Independence. 

Departure of Governor Eden. 

The colonies act through a Congress. 

First battles of the war. 

Development of the idea of independence. 

Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. 

60. Maryland Becomes a Sovereign State. 

The Maryland Declaration of Independence. 

61. Formation of the State Government. 

What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights? Of the Constitution? 
Name and define the three departments of the government. 
In whom was the chief power vested in each of these three departments ? 
What restriction was placed on the right to vote and hold office? 
Who was the first governor of the state of Maryland ? When and where 
was he proclaimed? 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. What is a code ? Point out the advantages of a code. What is the com- 

mon law? The statute law? Explain the value of the English laws to 
the people of Maryland. 

2. Explain, as fully as you can, the reason for the slow grow^th of towns in 

the early days of the colony. Point out some of the advantages of 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

towns. Point out some of the harmful effects of towns. Could any of 
these be avoided, and if so, how? 

What is the present population of Baltimore? How many other cities in 
the United States are larger? Name them in order of size. What is 
the present population of Maryland? Compare this with the popula- 
tion of Baltimore. Point out the advantages of Baltimore's position. 

Would it be possible for Maryland to regain her lost territory now? 
Would it be desirable ? 

Write an essay on the Lords Baltimore, showing the character and influ- 
ence of each on Maryland. 

Is war the best way of settling disputes about territory? How are such 
disputes usually settled nowadays ? 

Was it right for the American people to resist by force the invasion of their 
liberties? What measures should always precede a resort to force? 
Judging from the events of this period, what was the character of the 
American people? Are there any respects in which it is not so admir- 
able at the present day? Are there any in which it has improved? 



REFERENCES 

Browne's Maryland, pp. 203-286, 290, 292-294, 296. James' revision of Mc- 
'^\\^xxy\ History of Maryland, pp. 84-161. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her N'eigh- 
bars, Vol. II., pp. 169-173. Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see 
index for topics desired. For a more complete account of the French wars and the 
struggle for the control of North America, see Elson's History of the United States, 
pp. 1 71-196. For a more complete account of the beginning of the Revolution, see 
Elson, pp. 220-242. Any other good history of the United States may be consulted for 
the last two points. 



CHAPTER VI 
MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 

62. Introduction. — In the course of our narrative we have 
paused occasionally to notice the manner of living of the people 
whose history we are studying. Now that we have reached the 
great turning-point in that history, — the time when the hitherto 
subject province had become a free and independent state, — it 
will be well for us to pause again for a more careful and thorough 
inspection of the community now about to enter upon its new 
career. There were some characteristics common to all sections 
of the country, but in very many particulars the life and cus- 
toms of the people of the South differed widely from those of 
the North. Even different parts of the two sections often 
differed in many respects. Maryland and her sister colony, 
Virginia, were very similar, but the commercial spirit was more 
widely diffused in Maryland, and activity and enterprise were 
greater ; and, as we naturally expect from the character of 
Maryland's early institutions, there was less bigotry, religious 
and political, than in Virginia. 

63. Occupations. — The population of Maryland had increased 
with wonderful rapidity, and at the time of the Revolution the 
province contained about two hundred and fifty thousand people. 

Maryland was still almost wholly agricultural. Tobacco con- 
tinued to be the chief crop, and at this time the province was 
exporting nearly fifty thousand hogsheads. It was still largely 
used as money, instead of coin or paper. Previous to the war, 
however, the planters learned that wheat might be grown in the 

99 



Lof 



lOO 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



fertile soil of western and northern Maryland, and exported with 
profit. They acted upon this information, and by the time the 
war began Maryland was exporting six hundred thousand 
bushels of wheat, while the importance of tobacco rapidly de- 
cHned. A good deal of corn was raised, most of which was used 
for private purposes on the plantations where it was grown. 




•■ iiauipLun," Ballimore County, Maryland 
From a photograph 

Cultivation of the land was generally of a very crude kind. 
Wooden forks and shovels were common, and the plow was 
usually of wood also, for plow-irons were imported from Eng- 
land and were very expensive. A much more important imple- 
ment was the hoe, but not a light, thin blade of steel such as 
you now see in use ; the hoe of this time was a large, heavy 
lump of dull iron (probably the rude work of the plantation 
blacksmith), with a thick, clumsy handle of wood. With these 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



01 



the tobacco was carefully hoed by the slaves or white servants, 
the weeds growing close to the plant being taken out by hand, 
while the overseer, perhaps on horseback, watched to see the 
work well done. Usually, the master of the plantation rode 
daily over the estate to inspect and leave orders with his over- 
seer. 

While tobacco was the only product, and ships stopped at the 
private landing of the planter to lay in a cargo of that staple and 



^^■hK.... .. 


-- 'ja(^itfmU' ^H 


1 1 


Ih -^P 




1 ! 


ll ||3BfB^ff^'^'-'"^'*^SP'^ «•'"* ""•'' 






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Hall, Hampton Residence 
From a photograph 

to give in return a supply of groceries and provisions, food and 
clothing, tools and implements, there were naturally few towns, 
with little commerce and no manufactures. There was no 
foreign trade carried on in the usual way by merchants, but the 
rich proprietors sometimes owned their own ships and styled 
themselves planters and merchants. There was often a store at 
the county seat, and very often the planter kept one for the 



102 LEADING EVENTS IN MARYLAND HISTORY 

supply of his servants ; and wandering peddlers were not 
uncommon. There were no manufactures save the rude work 
done privately on the plantations. But at the time of our 
chapter a change had already begun. Towns, which refused 
to grow even for an act of the legislature, began to grow freely 
as soon as a need for them naturally made itself felt. Annapolis 
improved ; Baltimore, drawing trade from Pennsylvania as well 
as from Maryland, had acquired a large foreign trade in wheat 
and flour, and was now one of the largest cities of the colonies. 

Copper mines had been opened some time before, while the 
more important industry of iron mining had become large and 
profitable, twenty-five thousand tons of pig iron being produced 
annually. 

The legal system of Maryland was simple and good, and there 
grew up a very worthy body of lawyers — men of eminence, 
learning, and intelligence. Unfortunately, some of the clergy- 
men of the Established Church were not men of so high char- 
acter (see Sec. 42). The selfish proprietary appointed worthless 
or disreputable favorites to good livings, and these men, being 
supported by law and accountable only to the proprietary, could 
set at defiance both public opinion and the protests of the au- 
thorities in their own church. In this way they brought unde- 
served reproach on their worthier brethren and on the colony, 
which both were helpless to prevent. It was a natural result 
of substituting the narrow policy of intolerance for the freedom 
and toleration that prevailed under Cecilius Calvert. 

64. Homes : Houses and Plantations. — In this agricultural 
community a plantation resembled a Httle village. The " great 
house " of the planter was sometimes a substantial structure of 
wood, but on the large estates, or " manors," it was pretty sure 
to be of brick. As a rule the house was two stories high, with 
a hall running through. This hall was the living-room, and 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



103 




The Brice Residence, Annapolis 
From a photograph 

here the ladies sat to gossip and sew. The mistress was far 
from being idle, however. Upon her devolved the duty of di- 
recting the work of the women-servants in weaving Hnen and 
cotton fabrics, in knitting socks and stockings, and in making 
garments for the slaves. The large body of house-servants was 
supervised by her, and she was the friend and counselor of her 
dependents in time of trouble. Pewter dishes were in general 
use, but the wealthy planters were supplied with handsome 
silverware. In the early days, poor folks often used flat wooden 
bowls called trenchers, and wooden spoons, while forks were 
unknown, being first mentioned in Virginia in 1677. Glassware 
was sufficiently rare to be mentioned in wills, and china was not 
commonly used until after the Revolution. Most of the rooms 
opened into the hall, and the parlor was kept for use rather than 



104 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



for ornament. You would find here no stoves or coal, and no 
lamps, except a few made of pewter, which burned whale oil. 
Heat was supplied from huge open fireplaces in which great 
logs crackled and blazed merrily on winter nights, while the 
room was Hghted by candles, often made of myrtle-berry or 
bay-berry wax. The table was loaded with the food which the 
forest and the adjoining creek so abundantly furnished, while 
temperance societies were unheard of, and various wines and 
liquors were kept on hand and consumed in large quantities. 
A royal hospitality was dispensed, and every traveler was wel- 
comed and entertained and at the same time vigorously ques- 
tioned for the latest news. 

The exterior of the house was likely to be bare and unadorned, 
but generally there was a beautifully kept lawn of several acres, 

dotted with cedars, 
and approached by 
a graveled drive- 
way and a road 
shaded by long 
double rows of lo- 
custs or beeches. 
A charming at- 
mosphere of peace- 
fulness and calm 
pervaded the whole. 
Numerous out- 
buildings formed 
the village-like set- 
tlement. There 
was a meat-house, 
a kitchen, a dairy, a granary, etc., and the '* quarters " where the 
slaves lived ; for large numbers of negroes had been imported 




Negroes rolling Tobacco 

From a drawing by Charles Copeland, based on a 
photograph and contemporary sources 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



05 



during the eighteenth century, and there were now nearly a 
hundred thousand in the province. The slaves were in nearly 
all cases well treated and usually were devoted to their homes, 
the house-servants in particular being noted for their *' family 
pride." There was usually a windmill to grind the corn, which 
in earlier times had been pounded in mortars, as it was still on 
the smaller plantations. 




Slave "Quarters," St. Mary's County 
From a photograph 

The houses of the townspeople were usually plain and modest, 
but some handsome residences were built in Annapolis. In the 
backwoods and newly settled regions the habitations were 
merely log huts. 

65. Society: Dress, Manners, and Amusements. — Dress 
varied according to social position, and was to a great extent its 
mark. When we read of the costumes of the " best society," or 
at least those of the women, we are amazed that the wearers 
could ever have enjoyed their gay gatherings. The gentleman 
wore a coat of cloth or velvet of any color that he fancied, with 



io6 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



flaps extending nearly to the knees and bound with gold or 
silver lace. It had great cuffs, from beneath which protruded 
lace ruffles. He wore knee breeches of red plush, blue cloth, or 
black satin. He wore tight silk stockings, black, white, blue, or 
other color, and low shoes with silver buckles. His head was 
' -^ covered by a wig of flowing 



#^5 



hair, caught behind in a 
queue and powdered — some- 
times so generously that the 
hat had to be carried under 
the arm. About the neck 
was a large white cravat 
with plenty of flowing lace, 
while from his side depended 
a sword. 

The ladies dressed bril- 
liantly and sometimes extrav- 
agantly. Dresses were made 
of silk, satin, or the heavy 
brocade ; the body was held 
as in a vise by tightly laced 
stays (an old form of corset) ; 
the shoes were high-heeled. 
About the neck there might 
be a large gauze handker- 
chief, while a long train 
trailed behind the dress. On the head was built up a moun- 
tain of hair elaborately arranged with lace and satin. The 
women of Maryland were famous for their loveliness of person 
and charming manners and character, as we know from the 
testimony of all, from the poor servant to the courtly Mr. Eddis 
— the English custom house officer at Annapolis.' 




Colonial Costumes 

From a drawing by Homer Colby, based on 
contemporary sources 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



107 



The dress of the poorer planters was a pale reflection of that 
of the richer, while the mechanics and laborers usually wore 
leather breeches and aprons, worsted stockings, and coarse shoes. 
Servants, if we may judge from advertisements for runaways, 
seem to have worn pretty much any sort of clothing they could 
lay hold of. 

There were plenty of amusements, though not always of a 
kind approved nowadays. Fox-hunting was one of the most 




The " Chase Home," Annapolis 
From a photograph 

popular outdoor pleasures, but horse-racing, gambling, and 
excessive indulgence in wine and liquors were very common 
and excited no remark. Some wealthy persons owned town 
houses in Annapolis, which was the centre of gayety and fashion. 



io8 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 



Here, during the winter, gathered the aristocracy to enjoy a sea- 
son of festivity and merry-making. Dancing was a necessary 
part of the education, and balls and parties were very frequent. 
There were clubs and theaters, Annapolis claiming, indeed, the 
distinction of the first theater erected in America. Our planters 
seem sometimes to have been men of extravagant habits, who by 




Doughoregan Manor, Howard County, Maryland 
From a photograph 

their reckless expenditures and neglect of their plantations 
involved themselves in ruin. The manners of the people were 
marked by courtesy and elegance, and incHned to be pompous 
and formal. 

66. Education and Literature ; Character of the People. — In 
regard to the education of the people and the literature they 
read, there is not so much to be said. There were very few 
schools, chiefly because there were so few towns and the popu- 
lation was so scattered, and the teachers were in most cases 
the indented servants or transported convicts. The wealthier 
people were generally well educated, for many sent their sons 
to England to attend college. In this age, little or no attention 
was paid anywhere to the education of girls, though the wealthy 
planters of Maryland often had private tutors for their daughters. 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES 



109 



As regards literature, conditions were about the same. A few 
standard English books could be found, and occasionally poHtical 




. White Hall Manor, Anne Arundel County 
From a photograph 

pamphlets were printed and read, while the wealthier planters 
usually had good libraries, and sometimes large ones. A news- 
paper called TJie Mary- 
land Gazette was 
founded at Annapohs 
in 1727 ; it was soon 
discontinued, but was 
revived in 1745 by 
Jonas Green, and there- 
after prospered. The 
Gazette claimed to pub- 
lish ''the freshest Ad- 
vices Foreign and 
Domestic." These 

''freshest Advices" Staircase, Carvel House 

, i.u 1 J From a photograph 

were two months old 

from New York and Boston, five months old from London and 

Paris, and six months old from Constantinople. Pretty stale 





THE 



N*. 14* 



ND GAZETTE. 



Contatnifjg the fre/hejl ^/^dmees Foreign aad Domejik, 
July 25, 1745. 



'••iAe original 
*« -Tm of I 



From the Es'avs by the 0«bl«h Socibty. 

XLV. Cantuinitg an AbfiraS fnm Jrverai L^ttirs rtlatiag 

to tit UrrJ/ingo/ FLAX. 

N the fbllowii^ Direaioni to the Flax-DreiTef, 

we fuppofe that he U property provided with 

Conveaieijcies of every Kind, as large Ponds ot' 

ftanding Water, capacious Bartu, ftanch Grar;*- 

riet, good Working Rooms, Ovens, Fining-MiUi> 

and lolhTiments fucb as our Correfjpofident has de- 

; they muft otherw-ife hMe been as voluaiinous aimoft as 

■ lolbuftjons, and * Traafaipt of them rather than 



Importance to the Flax-D««fler t« buy his Flax be- 
;imei, dii«aiy fr»m thcJFJ£W,.«nd-«^_ni JuJj^ that>e_ 



'Jl l.tt them ;akc fmall Handfolj it a Time, and draw the Ha.< 
•• liirough uie Ripple wittoat Violence. Two Women are necef- 
M fery to erery iJer.cb, to hnnd the Flax in Bundles to the Ri|v- 
;_ - piers, to reccnT it fram tbcm again, to fort it according to it'» 
ill ibveui-D-grcei of Length, Strength, Ripcnefs, f ineaefs, aod 
[ k (to tie it lootciy in little i^hcave). 

^ i Aft Ell Rippling the Seed mull be carried to the Granaries, 
t« 'jind the flax laid oown to water ; il' poffible difpofe of the whole 
■I into your I'onds together j the Summer which drawt haftily to- 
^{ ^^-zrJi an End is yoar fittefi Sckfon, and (hould be hufh&uded 
U iwith Care ; however let nothirg tempt you to ufe Bog-hole» or 
««j fi^niiiDg Watersy 'tis better t» he delayed 'ti] the next Seafon, . 
' ^fhan <kli:olo)u; sr dsmage all joiir Flax. 

1-i.s. your flax, to keep it down, vrith the Slutei* or Mire 

: ti«£ono.n£^fjfouf Pondj } .or 'til that: be gathered in fuffi- 

; QdaatigaL Ttjl^- C%^: Rofte*, f cm, or Tjjaber. Fr6m 

84 to .'fv^Eii*^*.* ^ JiiOticquifitB iot wa«ring. Afteo 

I the^a^gngijj^j^jw 4*Ty, aadbepasticulaiiy careful not 

rto te ifite^j^g<,r :frit A ^iOjtkc Cii,tiie iii^ Skis t» dr«w 

. ,Sr^,'<^««^^^w*"iAo4ii^^^^^ 
^iSind bar.}^. do \»eU : .0» «sjsff jfet: Uax moii -^ turr»d::«*«y 
(iccond Du^ and generally ke» frgia, ajvanni^ io.) W«du. - 
, ^ To dr^' your riaj^-fegas JOitfiQjctti-.thaBiBklys ttenJec- it 
. ,-cool tiTa Wa» can ftan^ ii) it wilrfwot Uneafciefc, m ij «»w 
ai^f hight, aha your Ihx -wiU be ready fee Ae- Break oext Mom- 
■"A^i' -flK-Dut and straw* fcutcftdoutarf the Flax iHooeOky. 
, ^.«i'' ^eat the Oiren'for the next. . .- ' ... .'■: 

N _> ou breal^ voar > l*x, take Sheaf ht^^mt^X »«-ih« 
I y«M iM il} It coaet sai^ vt^gt mt EAgssc^ worlw 



better and mone tafihr. Tis in Error to lay the Flax, a» we 
do, as far as may be fi-om the Joint j the nearer it is placed '.0 tli« 
Centre of Motion in the Break, the more readily »t fplits, xA 
the lefs Damage it receivej. 

In Scutching, thoofe the broad round Scutch, 'Ae fooare an4 
narrow one, in Ufe among us, cuts anideftroys the FttX." _ 

By the Time the Flax- is icutchM, «nd about the Middle <a 
O.ithr, it will be Time to threfti the Seed. 

This nuy be done by driving Horfes backwards and fotm 
wards on the Boles, or by drawixig over them a heavy Roliinj» 
Stone upon a fmooth hard Floor. 

Cleaning it requires rr.ore Nicety; to do it throughly 9 
nwft firft go through the Winiiow, which feparilee it from th« 
Sfttes--. Through the Riddle next, to uke out Straws, Stones, 
tten foccedBrciy through two dilftrent Sieyei^ 
di'^iS Ht^to l«t il»iHgE tLeSecd. and DO. 
thing efie of greater Bulk ; the fecond clofer t<j retain the See4» 
and atford a Pa(&ge to all fmaller Bodies : And laftly througJI 
the Screen or Wire Harp, which fred it from all Di^. 

Wm tN the Flax Dreller has thus cleaned his Seed, ht (houM 
return to his flax, and put it throagk the Fining-Mills. Th* 
Wheel in thefe turn* altertiately fSroui right t6 left, and from 
left to right, twice ««d> ^sy ; and according to the Nun)l>tt 
of thefe doiile TttOtf the Flajf comes out the finer, the Dnooth- 
er, and tf»e fofter /"fcnjri'core fach Turns is the moft that taf 
Fkx reyiircs, and probably as much as it will bear. 
. In Hackling, Wom«a and Children fhould be employ'4 from 
Choice. They work with greater Gentlenefi than Mca, and 
Care aad Tenaemefs arc the main Excellencies in this Bufincfe 
for the beft Ffaw four Scu of Hackles will be retj«Hifp» «»ch^ 
them of a different Fmcnefe. Through thtfa it may be'drawa 
^boceilTully with proportionable Cautiou ; Th* US «h«f« TaB^ 
are Ukethe fineti tVeedle, rcquijxa the utmoft Sk|n,-.iuiiJ,ft«A» 
be crufttd with few Hands, ^ ..TTI- -^fr 

.Tk«sb Dlreaitms, if they ahfwer no dlKW Piffrioft, wlfla* 
leeft J>e an nieful Index to out Correfpomient's LtWSar^lWn 
hope-indeed a farther Ufe ihjM thctnj but wert.U "'^^■'^"''*^' 
as they have been drawn iy> in Compliance: w$hj 
jBany Gentlemen, we fnaJt think OiirTfot^- "" 
an Aitaupc to oblige theai. - ,' 

^Tr8 following Letter- wfll Wfccjtida J^pt**^ pfoper'/t 
anl We 'flzall give it to t^ Reader vit&fif fa^ Alcexation «f 
i&pology. - ■ ...,."-;. -' 

' It I* bat a flnaU Mite 1 ktvs^lo'^tf S) four Aj 
t buti itmlothtfihooM W btS.or'tiwkii without 
^iuikij^ {eta^iut gist ESbSi^iTTC 'ft a an lAvmt 



The Maryland Gazette, July 26, 1745 
From a photograph of the original in possession of the Maryland Historical Society 



MARYLAND LIFE IN COLONIAL TIMES in 

news, we of to-day are apt to think, but this was before the day 
of the railroad and the telegraph. 

In spite of their meager resources in these respects, and some 
questionable amusements, the people of Maryland were indus- 
trious, shrewd, sensible, and intelligent, while, generally speaking, 
their morals were good. They must always be judged by the 
standards of their own time ; our most revered statesmen of 
that time saw no harm in moderate gambhng and what would 
now be considered excessive drinking. They were a generous, 
hospitable, courteous people, liberal-minded, but strongly inde- 
pendent and jealous of their rights and privileges as Englishmen. 
Most of their faults grew out of the peculiar conditions under 
which they lived, or were the common vices of the times. On 
the whole, we may justly be proud of them, 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

62. Introduction. 

Life in the South and in the North. 
Maryland and Virginia compared. 

63. Occupations. 

Maryland chiefly agricultural ; tobacco the staple crop. 

Method of cultivating the land. 

Growth of towns in later days of the province. 

The growing importance of Baltimore. 

Mining industries. 

Character of the lawyers. 

Character of some of the clergymen, and the causes. 

64. Homes : Houses and Plantations. 

Describe the " great house" of the planter. 

Describe the dishes, fuel, and lights. 

How were guests received ? 

Describe the exterior of the house, its grounds, etc. 

Tell about the outbuildings. 

What was the condition of the slaves? 

65. Society: Dress, Manners, and Amusements. 

Describe the dress of a fashionable gentleman. Of a lady. Of the poor 
planters. Of mechanics and laborers. 



112 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

For what were the women of Maryland distinguished ? 
Describe the chief amusements. 
For what was AnnapoHs noted ? 
Describe the manners of the people. 
66. Education and Literature ; Character of the People. 
Describe the educational condition of the colony. 
What literature was read? Tell about The Maryland Gazette, 
Describe fully the character of the people. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Find out, if you can, some particulars in which life at the North differed 

from life at the South, and the reasons for the difference. What dif- 
ferences exist between the two sections at present ? 

2. Compare the occupations of Marylanders of to-day with those of the colo- 

nial period. Name some improved agricultural implements now in use. 
Name some of the important cities and towns of the present day in 
Maryland, and explain the cause of their growth. 

3. Name four daily newspapers published in Maryland at this time. What 

papers are published in your county? Name some reasons for the vastly 
greater efficiency of the present newspapers. 

4. Name some respects in which the teaching of children now differs from 

that of colonial times. Try to find out what is meant by '''consolida- 
tion^' of rural schools. 

REFERENCES 

Goodwin's The Colonial Cavalier, entire book of 300 pp. Lodge's English Colo- 
nies in America, pp. 93-109. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. IL, pp. 
174-269; a description of life in Virginia, but this was so nearly identical with the 
life in Maryland that it is practically as good as a special description for Maryland. 
This is a careful and lengthy account, and will prove very valuable. Elson's History 
of the United States, pp. 197-219. See also Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary 
Province, pp. 104-128 and pp. 129-149. If available, consult Scharf's History of 
Maryland, Vol. II., pp. 1-103; and for a good account of the manners and customs 
of the early settlers in western Maryland, see Scharf's History of Western Maryland, 
pp. 69-74. 



PART II 
HISTORY OF THE STATE 

CHAPTER I 

THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: MARYLAND IN THE 

REVOLUTION 

67. The Revolutionary War. — The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence was the solemn statement of the colonies to all the 
world that they were resolved to be entirely free, and to lay the 
foundations of a new nation with liberty as its watchword. But 
that Declaration it was now necessary to make good, and the 
independence which they so boldly asserted it was necessary to 
win by brave deeds. Thus the whole situation was changed; 
for whereas the Americans had hitherto been contending for 
their rights and privileges as Englishmen, they now fought to 
throw off entirely the sovereignty of a government which they 
regarded as unjust and tyrannical. 

On the nomination of Thomas Johnson of Maryland, Con- 
gress appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the 
American army. (This was before the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence.) In the character of Washington, daring courage 
was strangely blended with extraordinary cautiousness and fore- 
thought. A noble and unselfish man, a true patriot, and a 
remarkably able general, his selection was eminently wise. 
Had any other been made, it is very doubtful whether inde- 
pendence could have been won. 

"3 



114 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



III the conduct of the war the Americans had one great ad- 
vantage, — they fought on the defensive. They had declared 
themselves independent ; if the king wished to dispute their 
claim, his armies must occupy their country and wrest its con- 
trol from them. Two distinct plans for doing this were tried, 
and both ended in failure. The first was to gain control of 

the Hudson river; 
then, with the Eno^lish 
fleets in complete con- 
trol of the sea, the 
New England states 
would be cut off from 
the others, and each 
section could be over- 
come without being 
able to obtain help 
from the other. After 
the failure of this plan 
the second was tried, 
which was to send 
armies to the extreme 
south of the country ; 
these, marching north- 
ward, were to conquer 
one state after another 
until all were regained. 
We cannot give a connected account of these campaigns, for 
as this is a history of Maryland, we must content ourselves with 
a sketch of each period, and some account of Maryland's part 
in the great struggle. And this part, as we shall see, is one 
of which every Marylander may be proud; no state had a 
better record. 




George Washington 
From the painting by Gilbert Stuart 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



115 



THE WAR IN THE NORTH 

68. The Battle of Long Island. — In the attempt to seize the 
Hudson the first blow of the British general, Howe, was at the 
city of New York. The army of Washington met Howe on Long 
Island, and here was fought the first great battle of the war. 
In this engagement, the most im- 
portant and heroic part was taken 
by the troops of Maryland. The 
left wing of the American army, 
under General SulUvan, was sur- 
rounded and captured, and the brunt 
of the fighting fell upon the right 
under General Stirling. The Mary- 
land troops were in this division. 
Their leader, Colonel Smallwood, 
was detained in New York, and 
Major Mordecai Gist was in com- 
mand. The regiment was com- 
posed of young men of the best 
families, of fine spirit and discipHne, 
but "who on that day for the first 
time saw the flash of an enemy's guns." StirHng gallantly main- 
tained the fight for four hours, but, greatly outnumbered and 
attacked in the rear by Lord Cornwallis as well as in front by 
General Grant, he was obHged to retreat. 

Behind the American army were a marsh and a deep creek 
to be crossed, and in order to cover the retreat it was neces- 
sary to hold the British in check for a time. For this purpose 
Stirling placed himself at the head of four hundred men of the 
Maryland regiment, and faced the immensely superior force of 
Lord Cornwallis. The gallant little band actually held in check 




William Smallwood 

From a painting in the gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



ii6 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



this division of the British army until the Americans had effected 
their escape. Animated by an unselfish and patriotic devotion, 
the noble young men charged the overwhelming force of the 
British again and again, until the great host seemed about to 
give way from the repeated shocks. But the struggle could not 
continue long ; fired upon from all points and fearfully outnum- 
bered as they were, StirHng and a portion surrendered themselves, 

while three companies cut their 
way through the British and 
reached the marsh on the edge of 
the creek, whence they effected 
their escape. A mere handful of 
the gallant four hundred was 
left, but they had saved the rem- 
nant of the American army. 
'' The sacrifice of their lives, so 
freely made by the generous and 
noble sons of Maryland, had not 
been in vain. An hour, more 
precious to American liberty 
than any other in its history, had 
been gained" (see Sec. 121). 

In a masterly retreat Wash- 
ington brought off his troops 
safe from Long Island, the rear being covered by the Maryland 
and Pennsylvania troops. 

69. From Long Island to Morristown. — New York was 
almost immediately occupied by the British general. Wash- 
ington retreated northward to White Plains, later faUing back on 
North Castle, where he could not safely be attacked. The British 
general then moved back down the Hudson, threatening at once 
Fort Washington, at the other extremity of Manhattan Island, and 




Mordecai Gist 

From a painting in the gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society 




Monument to Maryland's Font Hundred, Prospect Park, Brooklyn 
From a photograph 



Il8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Philadelphia, the "rebel capital." Washington now crossed 
the Hudson with a part of his force, and General Charles 
Lee was left in command at North Castle. Owing to disre- 
gard of Washington's orders, Fort Washington was captured by 
General Howe with its garrison and stores; while General Lee 
refused to march his army to the aid of Washington when 
ordered by the latter to do so, and later, when captured by the 
British, turned traitor to the American cause. (Lee's treachery 
was not known until many years later.) These heavy mis- 
fortunes came near bringing the war to an end, and compelled 
Washington to retreat through New Jersey, a movement which 
he executed with masterly skill, finally encamping beyond the 
Delaware. 

The British generals, Howe and Cornwallis, determined to cross 
the river as soon as it should be frozen over, and in the mean- 
time returned to New York to celebrate their success. The 
wretched soldiers of the American army suffered fearfully from 
cold and hunger, and their exposed feet often left bloody tracks 
upon the snow. In these terrible straits many people began to 
despair of the cause of liberty, but the mighty soul of Washington 
never wavered. On Christmas night of 1776, he crossed the 
Delaware river amid huge cakes of floating ice, and marched 
swiftly through a bUnding snowstorm upon the British centre at 
Trenton. The post was captured with one thousand prisoners, 
while the Americans lost but four men. Cornwallis at once 
brought down his army, but Washington, by a brilHant movement, 
passed around him and crushed his rear at Princeton. Washing- 
ton then retreated to Morristown, where he was, for the time, in 
safety. 

Throughout the whole of this period the Maryland troops 
fully sustained the reputation which they had won at Long 
Island. Many marks of confidence were shown them by the 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



its 



general, and they were frequently given posts of unusual re- 
sponsibility and danger. A member of Washington's staff 
declares, ''The Virginia and Maryland troops bear the palm." 
The Maryland soldiers fought gallantly at the defense of Fort 
Washington, and in almost every other engagement of the cam- 
paign. The soldiers of 
the old Maryland Line,^ 
originally numbering fif- 
teen hundred men, had 
been reduced almost to 
nothing. 

During the retreat 
through New Jersey, Con- 
ress became alarmed for 
safety, and removed 
from Philadelphia to Bal- 
timore, which thus be- 
came for a time the 
capital. It was here that 
extraordinary powers 
were conferred on Wash- 
ington, enabling him to 
conduct the war success- 
fully. Congress met in a 
building on the southwest 
corner of Baltimore (at 
that time called Market street) and Sharp streets. In 1894 the 
site of "Old Congress Hall" was marked by a bronze tablet, 
through the efforts of the Maryland Society of the Sons of the 
American Revolution. 

1 The regular infantry of Maryland, as distinguished from her militia, was called the 
Maryland Line. 




Tablet on the Site of Old Congress Hall 
From a photograph 



I20 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

70. Second Attempt to Conquer New York and Hold the 
Hudson. — An elaborate campaign for the year 1777 was now 
planned by the British. An army under General Burgoyne 
was to march down from Canada, capture Fort Ticonderoga on 
Lake Champlain, and proceed to Albany ; a smaller force was 
to march eastward from Oswego and unite with Burgoyne; 
while the main army under General Howe was to ascend the 
Hudson and meet Burgoyne at Albany. 

General Howe concluded that he would have time to go down 
and capture the ''rebel capital," Philadelphia, before starting 
northward to meet Burgoyne. The skill of Washington pre- 
vented his marching through New Jersey, and finally he put 
his troops aboard ship and sailed down the coast and into the 
Chesapeake. Landing his forces at the head of the bay, he 
began his march upon Philadelphia. Washington, though 
outnumbered nearly two to one, gave him battle at the 
Brandywine creek. The Americans were compelled to retreat,^ 
but the wonderful skill of their general detained the British two 
weeks on the march of twenty-six miles. Washington planned 
a brilliant attack on the British army encamped at Germantown, 
about six miles from Philadelphia, but through a mistake the 
battle was unfortunately lost. The morning was dark and 
foggy, and one American brigade, mistaking another for the 
enemy, fiercely attacked it. Great confusion ensued, and soon 
a general retreat began. 

In the meantime Washington's skillful detention of Howe had 
borne glorious fruit in the North,' for Burgoyne's army was cut 
off and obliged to surrender. This is regarded as the decisive vic- 
tory of the war ; for although the war did not end until several 
years afterward, yet the first and best plan of the British for 
conquering the colonies was defeated, while France decided to 
enter into an alliance with us and send ships and men to our aid. 



THE EEYOLTJTION 




THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



12 



Washington's army now went into winter quarters at Valley 
Forge, and not being well supplied either with food or clothing, 
the soldiers suffered fearful hardships. In June, 1778, General 
Clinton had succeeded General Howe as commander of the 
British, evacuated Philadelphia, and begun a retreat to New 
York. Washington attacked the retreating army near Mon- 
mouth. The traitor, Charles Lee, had been exchanged, and 
was again in command ; he took 
advantage of his position to order 
a shameful retreat at the moment 
of victory, thus spoihng Wash- 
ington's plan and nearly causing 
a defeat before the latter could 
re-form the army. For this Lee 
was afterward tried and removed 
from the army. Little further of 
importance occurred at the North. 

In this series of battles the sol- 
diers of Maryland served with 
their usual distinction. In the 
battle of Germantown they fought 
with the greatest daring, being 
the first troops engaged and the 
last to give up the struggle. Fort 
Mifflin, guarding the approach by water to Philadelphia, was 
heroically defended by Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Smith of 
Maryland, until it became absolutely untenable. He was voted 
a sword by Congress for his gallantry. At the battle of Mon- 
mouth, when Washington met the body of disorderly fugitives 
under Lee, he called for an officer to hold the enemy in check 
until he could form his troops for action. Colonel Nathaniel 
Ramsey of Baltimore offered himself with the words, " I will 




Nathaniel Ramsey 

From a painting in the gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



122 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

stop them or fall" Marching at the head of his troops, Ramsey 
held the British in check until the American army was formed 
for the attack ; the British were then, after a stubborn resist- 
ance, slo.wly pushed from the field, and again the American 
army owed its salvation to the troops of Maryland. During 
the terrible winter at Valley Forge the Maryland troops were 
stationed at Wilmington, where they lived in much greater com- 
fort than their unfortunate comrades. 

While the troops so liberally furnished by Maryland were thus 
serving with distinction in the patriot cause, the state suffered 
severely at home. Early in the war the people were greatly 
annoyed by Lord Dunmore, who had been the royal governor of 
Virginia. Angry at being driven out of the country, he set on 
foot dangerous plots, and sailing about the bay, in a British ship 
on which he had taken refuge, he plundered and distressed the 
people to the limit of his power. Other depredations of the 
British, and the voyage of General Howe up the Chesapeake 
when on his way to capture Philadelphia, kept the people in 
nearly constant alarm and made it necessary to keep militia 
on duty for their protection. The state also suffered from a 
dangerous rising of the Tories, as those who sided with England 
were called, in Somerset and Worcester counties. The insur- 
rection, however, was promptly suppressed by a body of troops 
under General Smallwood and Colonel Gist. 



THE WAR IN THE SOUTH 

71. Second Plan of Conquering the Country. — The British- 
now tried their second way of conquering the Americans, which 
was to go down to the southern extremity of the country and 
reduce the states to obedience, one by one. For a while it 
seemed as if they must be successful. Georgia was overrun and 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



123 



the royal governor again placed in control. The city of Charles- 
ton, with an army under General Lincoln, was captured by the 
British general, Sir Henry CUnton. The whole of South Carolina 
was soon reduced, and Clinton returned to New York, leaving 
Lord Cornwallis in command. 

72. The Campaign of General Gates. — A new army was 
raised, but unfortunately the command was given to General 
Gates, a thoroughly incapable 
officer. In the famous campaign 
which resulted in Burgoyne's sur- 
render, he had been placed in 
command shortly before the 
crowning victory, and so had 
managed to reap the glory that 
had been won by others. After 
committing a great many follies, 
against the advice of his officers. 
Gates met the British general at 
Camden ; each general had started 
out to surprise the other, and the 
armies met in the night. In the 
morning the battle commenced, 
and resulted in one of the most 
terrible defeats ever inflicted upon 
an American army. 

The two armies met between 
huge swamps that protected the 
flanks of each. The right wing 

of the American army was com- Statue of De Kalb, Annapolis 

manded by Baron de Kalb (a Ger- From a photograph 

man soldier who had volunteered in the cause of American lib- 
erty); it was composed of the Second Marvland regiment and 




124 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



^M^-'^-f 



a Delaware regiment in front, and the First Maryland regiment 
a short distance in the rear. The left wing was composed of 
Virginia and North Carolina militia under Generals Stevens 
and Caswell. This wing, on being charged by the British right 
under Colonel Webster, instantly gave way, the men throwing 
away their guns and fleeing with hardly a shot. Gates was 
carried away by the panic-stricken mob, and Colonel Webster, 
leaving the cavalry under Tarleton to cut down the fugitives, 
turned upon the devoted Marylanders. Throwing his victorious 
column upon the First regiment, he slowly pushed it from the 
field, after the most determined resistance. The Second Mary- 
land regiment, in the meantime, had repelled the attack of the 
British left wing under Lord Rawdon. In a splendid bayonet 
charge under Major John Eager How- 
ard, they had even broken through his 
lines, and were, for the moment, victo- 
rious. But they were now attacked in 
flank by the troops of Colonel Webster, 
and Cornwallis threw his whole army 
upon them. De Kalb fell dying from 
eleven wounds, and the remnant of the 
brave fellows made their escape through 
the marsh where the cavalry could not 
follow. 

73. The Campaigns of General Greene. 
— After the terrible rout at Camden, 
affairs in the South seemed desperate. But a new army was 
presently raised, and the command intrusted (October, 1780) 
to Nathanael Greene, a general scarcely inferior in skill and 
energy to Washington himself. 

A detachment of Greene's army under General Morgan won 
the battle of Cowpens, after a brilliant engagement. Greene 




Nathanael Greene 
After a painting by Trumbull 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



125 




himself executed a masterful retreat into Virginia, and having 
led his adversary far into a hostile country, faced about and 
offered him battle at Guilford Courthouse. The British managed 
to stand their ground, but were so badly cut up that they were 
obliged to retreat into Virginia. Leav- 
ing Cornwallis behind him, Greene 
now returned to the Carolinas, and 
after a brilliant campaign captured 
every important post. In the battles 
of Hobkirk's Hill and Eutaw Springs 
Jie was virtually the victor, and by 
September, 1781, had completely re- 
gained South Carolina with the ex- 
ception of Charleston. Cornwallis, in 
Virginia, allowed himself to be shut 
up in Yorktown by Lafayette,^ where- 
upon Washington made a wonderful 
march from the Hudson river to the York and, with the aid of 
the French fleet, compelled his surrender (October 19, 1781). 
This practically ended the war. 

74. Maryland Troops in the South. — In the southern cam- 
paigns the Maryland Line confirmed and enhanced the reputa- 
tion won in the North, but they also did much more. They 
may fairly be said to have taken the lead, and to have played the 
decisive part in this concluding struggle of the war, a fact which 
a very slight knowledge of their services would make perfectly 
plain. The heroic deeds of the Maryland troops at Camden 
have already been described. In Morgan's victory at the Cow- 
pens they took an even more prominent part, under the famous 
leader, John Eager Howard. When the force under Morgan 



Marquis de Lafayette 
From a French print 



1 The Marquis de Lafayette was a noble and unselfish young Frenchman who came to 
America to help the people win their independence. 



126 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

was detached, Cornwallis sent out the famous cavalry com- 
mander, Colonel Tarleton, to intercept it and to capture or 
destroy it. 

Morgan retreated before his adversary to a long, rising slope 
near some inclosures known as the Cowpens. Here he faced 
about and formed his troops for battle. In front he placed the 
militia of Georgia and Carolina ; on the brow of a hill one hun- 
dred and fifty yards in the rear of these '' he stationed the splen- 
did Maryland brigade which De Kalb had led at Camden ; " 
behind these on a second hill was placed the cavalry under 
Colonel William Washington. The militia behaved well, and 
after firing several deadly volleys, retired, forming again in the 
rear. The British now fiercely attacked the second line, under 
Colonel John Eager Howard. Being superior in numbers, they 
extended their Hne so as to threaten Howard's flanks, whereupon 
the line began to retire. Thinking them in full retreat, the 
British pressed on in confusion. But the Marylanders, at a 
word of command from Howard, suddenly faced about, poured a 
murderous fire into the enemy's ranks, and came down upon them 
in a furious bayonet charge. Taken in flank and rear at the same 
time by the militia and the cavalry under Colonel Washington, 
the remains of the British army surrendered, Tarleton himself 
narrowly escaping. This is regarded as the most brilHant battle 
of the war, for Morgan had actually surrounded and captured a 
superior force in open field. It is therefore a matter for great 
pride that the decisive part was played by the troops of Mary- 
land and their gallant commander. When Congress voted a 
gold medal to Morgan, a silver medal was voted to Colonel 
Howard. 

In the wonderful retreat of General Greene to Virginia, it was 
of the highest importance that a body of reliable troops, ably 
commanded, should protect the rear of the army, and hold the 



THE STRUCxGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



127 



British in check, while the main army made good its retreat. 
The difficult and perilous post of honor was intrusted to 
Colonel Otho Holland Williams of Maryland, with a body of 
Marylanders under Howard, and some other troops. In the 
performance of this difficult and dangerous duty, Williams and 
his troops suffered terrible hardships, but the duty was performed 
most successfully, and 
they won the highest 
praise for the manner 
in which it was accom- 
plished. The battle 
came at last at Guilford 
Courthouse. The main 
line was formed of 
Maryland and Virginia 
regulars, who bore the 
brunt of the fight, and 
the chief advantage was 
gained by a splendid 
bayonet charge of the 
Maryland troops under 
Colonels John Gunby 
and John Eager How- 
ard, in which the most 
dauntless courage was 




Equestrian Statue of John Eager Howard, 

Washington Place, Baltimore 

From a photograph 



shown. 

At the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, the Maryland troops again 
played the most conspicuous part. While the troops were ad- 
vancing to the charge. Captain William Beatty, a favorite officer, 
was shot dead at the head of his company. To the confusion 
which resulted and the order of Colonel Gunby to fall back and 
re-form, have been attributed the defeat of the American army. 



128 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



As a matter of fact, the Maryland troops merely fell back a few 
rods and then rallied, while the other troops (on their right and. 
left) had fallen into disorder about the same time, and were re- 
formed on the line of the Maryland regiment. So far from losing 
the battle, therefore, the Maryland troops by their steadiness en- 
abled Greene to make an orderly retreat. At the siege of Ninety- 
Six, a desperate assault was made by a party of Maryland and 

Virginia troops, in which five out 
of six of their number were killed 
or wounded. In the final battle 
at Eutaw Springs our gallant 
troops fittingly crowned their 
noble work. At the critical mo- 
ment General Greene issued the 
order, " Let Williams advance and 
sweep the field with his bayo- 
nets." Under Williams and How- 
ard the heroic band instantly 
advanced in a furious charge, and 
the finest infantry of England was 
swept from the field. 

General Greene spoke of the 
officers and men of the Maryland 
Line in terms of the highest praise. In a letter to General Small- 
wood he writes, " The Maryland Line made a charge that exceeded 
anything I ever saw." In another letter he said of John Eager 
Howard, *' He deserves a statue of gold, no less than the Roman 
and Grecian heroes." 

75. Naval Operations. — During the Revolutionary War the 
United States never possessed a navy worthy of the name, 
though a few battles were fought and immense damage was 
inflicted upon the commerce of the enemy by American priva- 




Otho Holland Williams 

From the painting in. the gallery of 
the Maryland Historical Society 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 



129 



teers.^ In this respect Maryland fully supported her military 
record. Baltimore fitted out more privateers than any other 
American city. These vessels were famous for their speed and 
the skill with which they were handled ; they captured British 
vessels almost in their own harbors in England. It has been 
claimed with some reason that Balti- 
more was the most zealous and 
patriotic city in the country, in point 
of damage inflicted on the enemy. 

In 1782, Lieutenant Joshua Barney 
of Maryland was appointed to the 
command of the Hydcr Ally. He 
shortly afterward fell in with a British 
sloop-of-war, the General Monk, a 
vessel better armed and better manned 
than his own. Notwithstanding this 
fact, Barney captured the General 
Monk and carried her a prize to Phil- 
adelphia, after an engagement which 
has been spoken of as ''one of the 
occurred under the American flag." 




Joshua Barney 

From a print in possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



most brilliant that ever 
Commodore Nicholson 
and other Marylanders also achieved distinction. 

76. Close of the War ; Women of Maryland. — With the sur- 
render of Cornwallis the war virtually ended. By invitation of 
the state, Annapolis became temporarily the capital of the 
United States. There, in the Senate Chamber of the State 
House, December 23, 1783, George Washington surrendered 
his commission to Congress. It was a sad and impressive cere- 
mony, as the noble and unselfish chief, after having led his 
country successfully through the long war to the achievement 

1 A privateer is a privately owned vessel which has been authorized by a belligerent gov- 
ernment to capture ships and supplies of the enemy. 



I30 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

of her independence, calmly resigned his high position, and 
asked only to be allowed to return to the privacy and quietud 
of his home. 

The narrative of the war would not be complete without a 
mention of the noble work of the women of Maryland. Wash- 
ington wrote a personal letter of thanks to Mrs. Mary Lee (wife 
of Governor Lee of Maryland) for the efforts of the women of 
the state for the relief of the destitute southern army. It is said 
that during a ball, given in honor of Lafayette as he passed 
through Baltimore, the general appeared sad, and on being ques- 
tioned by one of the ladies as to the cause replied, *' I cannot 
enjoy the gayety of the scene while so many of the poor soldiers 
are in want of clothes." " We will supply them," was the reply 
of the fair querist, and next morning the ball-room was trans- 
formed into a clothing manufactory. The ladies of the city, 
old and young, gathered to the task, and much was done to 
relieve the suffering of the soldiers. 

77. Maryland's Part in the Winning of Independence. — In the 
great struggle for independence Maryland had indeed borne a 
noble part, and one of prime importance. In proportion to size 
and population, she furnished far more than her just share of 
soldiers to the army. We have mentioned some of the impor- 
tant work done by the troops of Maryland, but not all such ser- 
vices have been mentioned, by any means. For instance, a 
splendidly equipped body of riflemen, under the command of 
Captain Michael Cresap, was raised and sent north to join the 
army early in the war ; a large number of Marylanders joined 
the body of troops raised in Maryland by Count Pulaski, a Polish 
nobleman who had volunteered in the American cause ; and in 
minor engagements many notable exploits were performed by 
the officers and men of Maryland that have not been related 
here. 



132 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The courage and devotion of the troops of Maryland, the 
skill of their officers, their frequent and telling use of the bay- 
onet, and their inestimable services to their country, have already 
been related. It only remains to say that the record of the state 
in other particulars was just as good ; while she was so liberal in 
her supplies of troops she was equally energetic and patriotic 
in other respects. To the requests of Congress and of Wash- 
ington for food, clothing, and other necessary supplies, the state 
replied as promptly and as cheerfully as to the demands for 
men, which is a good deal more than can be said for some of 
her sister states. 

Thus on the part of her sons and her daughters alike did 
Maryland nobly play her part in the great struggle for liberty, 
and in the fruits of the glorious victory none was more deserv- 
ins: to share than she. 



■& 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

67. The Revolutionary War. 

Explain the change of affairs wrought by the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. 
Who was the American commander-in-chief ? Describe his character. 
What great advantage had the Americans ? 
Describe the two plans of the British for conquering the country. 

68. The Battle of Long Island. 

General plan of battle ; its results. 

Position of the Maryland troops ; their noble sacrifice. 

69. From Long Island to Morristown. 

Services of the old Maryland Line. 

The capital temporarily removed from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 

70. Second Attempt to Conquer New York and Hold the Hudson. 

Plans for the year 1777. Capture of Philadelphia. 

The surrender of Burgoyne. 

Philadelphia evacuated; battle of Monmouth. 

Describe the services of Marylanders at Germantown ; Fort Mifflin ; 

Monmouth. 
Describe the difficulties of the state at home. 



THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 1 33 

71. Second Plan of Conquering the Country. 

Success of the plan at first. 

72. The Campaign of General Gates. 

Describe the battle of Camden, and the part taken by the troops of 
Maryland. 

73. The Campaigns of General Greene. 

Greene's skill as a general ; what he accomplished. 
Surrender of Cornwallis ; its importance. 

74. Maryland Troops in the South. 

What was the general character of the services of the Maryland troops 

in the South ? 
Describe the battle of Cowpens, and the part taken by Maryland 

soldiers. 
What important duty was assigned to Otho Holland Williams, and 

how was it performed ? 
Describe the services of Marylanders at Guilford Courthouse ; Hobkirk's 

Hill; the siege of Ninety-Six ; Eutaw Springs. 
What did General Greene say of Maryland troops and their officers ? 

75. Naval Operations. 

Services of the navy ; privateers sent out from Baltimore. 
The engagement of the Hyder Ally and the General Mo?ik. 

76. Close of the War ; Women of Maryland. 

Annapolis becomes the capital of the United States ; Washington resigns 

his commission there. 
Services of the women of Maryland. 

77. Maryland's Part in the Winning of Independence. 

Describe the extent and importance of Maryland's services in the 
Revolutionary War. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

Read the Declaration of Independence. Is it true that all men are 
created equal ? Explain your answer. Notice the charges against the 
king of England, and see if you can find any specific instance of the 
truth of several of them. Had the colonies any legal right to declare 
themselves independent ? Had they a right morally ? Is it right to 
disobey a bad law ? Have the people of Maryland the right, legally, 
to alter the form of their government to-day ? (See Maryland Bill of 
Rights, Art. i.) 

Can you think of a reason why no battles were fought on Maryland soil 
during: the Revolution ? 



134 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

3. Find on the maps all points mentioned in the text. 

4. Compare the two plans of the British for conquering the colonies. 

Which was the better ? Compare the work of the Maryland troops in 
the North and the South. 

5. Discuss the arrangement of troops by Gates for the battle of Camden, 

Gates sent off four hundred Maryland regulars on other duty shortly be- 
fore the battle, duty that the militia could have performed ; what might 
he have done with these troops instead? What advantages had the 
Americans in the character of the field of battle? 

6. Write an account of what you have learned in this chapter, under the title, 

"Maryland in the Revolutionary War." 



REFERENCES 

For an account of the War of Independence, see Elson's History of the United 
States, pp. 243-317, or any good history of the United States. For a fuller account, 
with excellent descriptions of battles and their results, consult Fiske's The American 
Revolution. For southern campaigns, see biographies of General Greene ; Mary- 
land and North Carolina in the Campaign of 1J80-1781, by E. G. Daves, Fund 
Publication No. 'i^T^ of the Maryland Historical Society ; A. A. Gunby's Colonel John 
Gunby of the Maryland Line (The Robert Clarke Company, Cincinnati), Many 
works on United States history will suggest themselves as valuable for this period. 

Browne's Maryland, pp. 286-314. James' revision of McSherry's History of 
Maryland, pp. 162-260. If possible consult Scharf's History of Maryland, Vol. II. 



CHAPTER II 
FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 

" The credit of suggesting, and successfully urging in Congress that policy which has 
made this country a great national commonwealth . . . belongs to Maryland and to 
her alone." 

— Hei-bert B. Adams. 

78. The Articles of Confederation. — When the thirteen Ameri- 
can colonies declared themselves independent of Great Britain, 
each regarded itself as having become free and sovereign. 
Being so intimately associated in many ways, and compelled to 
act in concert to carry on the war, some sort of general 
government was necessary, to which certain powers were dele- 
gated by the states, while others were reserved to themselves. 
This was all that was aimed at, for as yet there was no strong 
national sentiment, and each state was very jealous of its 
independence. A form of government to meet the needs 
of the occasion was prepared by a committee of Congress, and, 
adopted by that body late in the year 1777. This constitution, 
or form of government, was called the Articles of Confedera- 
tion, and in the course of the next fifteen months was accepted 
by all the states except Maryland. Maryland's refusal to ratify 
the Articles, says the historian Fiske, *' was first in the great 
chain of events which led directly to the formation of the 
Federal Union." 

79. The Attitude of Maryland. — At first sight these seem to 
be rather surprising statements. Why should Maryland thus 
refuse to unite with the other states ^ Having done so, how 
could that refusal be productive of such tremendous results } 

135 



136 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

In order to understand the replies to these questions, a few 
words of explanation are necessary. North of the Ohio river, 
and extending to the Great Lakes, stretched a vast expanse of 
unsettled country known as the Northwest Territory. Owing 
to ignorance of the country and other causes, the grants of land 
to the various colonies by Enghsh sovereigns were in many 
cases conflicting, and in some cases preposterously large. 
Under an old charter, Virginia now laid claim to this vast terri- 
tory northwest of the Ohio, while at the same time claims were 
made by New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. 

Maryland declared that these claims were neither just nor wise, 
and until they were withdrawn she positively refused to agree 
to the Articles of Confederation. Her statesmen clearly showed 
the harm that might result to other states if the claims of Vir- 
ginia were admitted, and declared that what had been won 
through the efforts of all should become the common property 
of the states, ** subject to be parcelled out by Congress into free, 
convenient, and independent governments, in such manner and 
at such times as the wisdom of that assembly shall hereafter 
direct." Now we have further to observe, that during the stormy 
period which followed the war with England (hereafter to be 
described), it was the common interest in the Northwest Terri- 
tory which was '' perhaps the only thing that kept the Union 
from falhng to pieces." As the principal influence in holding 
the states together, it was of course most important in the found- 
ing of the nation. With admirable wisdom and foresight the 
statesmen of Maryland perceived the vast importance of the 
Northwest Territory, and declared, in the General Assembly of 
the state, that the control of Congress over the western lands 
was "essentially necessary for rendering the Union lasting." 
Having thus taken her stand, on the grounds both of justice and 
good policy, Maryland stood firm, steadily refusing to accept the 



FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 



137 



Articles of Confederation until the states should yield their claims 
to the United States. The importance of Maryland's action now 
becomes evident. If common interest in the Northwest Terri- 
tory held the states together at the close of the war, thus making 
a national government possible, and 
if Maryland alone so acted as to pro- 
cure for all the states their common 
interest, then clearly to Maryland 
must come the glory of that mighty 
event. "Just as it was Massachu- 
setts that took the decisive step in 
bringing on the Revolutionary War 
when she threw the tea into Boston 
harbor, so it was Maryland that, by 
leading the way toward the creation 
of a national domain, laid the cor- 
ner stone of our Federal Union " 
(Fiske).^ The Marylanders most 
prominent in this great work were 
Daniel Carroll, William Paca, James Forbes, and George Plater. 
Having practically accomplished her purpose, Maryland en- 
tered the Union, March i, 1781 ; thus was the wonderfully impor- 
tant work of her statesmen crowned with success, at the very 




John Hanson ^ 

After the painting in Independence 
Hall, Philadelphia 



1 From 1781 to 1782, John Hanson of Maryland was "president of the United States 
in Congress assembled." 

2 When new states were formed from the Northwest Territory, liberal grants of the pub- 
lic lands were made to them to support education. It has been contended that since 
these lands were the common property of the Union, it is an unjust discrimination to give 
to some states and not to others. And by some it has been maintained that Maryland, 
owing to the great service explained in 'the text, has a peculiar claim to a share in such 
gifts. As long ago as 1821, the General Assembly of Maryland resolved that each state 
was entitled to participate in the benefits of the public lands, and that states that had not 
received appropriations were entitled to receive them. These resolutions were sent to 
every state and to the representatives of Maryland in Congress, but without effect. 



138 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

moment when her heroic soldiers in the field were taking the 
decisive part in the final brilHant movements of General Greene. 

80. "The Critical Period.'* — The practical workings of the 
Confederation were found to be anything but satisfactory. 
Congress was composed of representatives of the states, not of 
individual citizens. If its requests were not obeyed, it had no 
means of enforcing obedience, and it possessed no power of 
taxation. It has been aptly said of the Confederate govern- 
ment that it could declare everything and do nothing. Its 
weakness is shown by the fact that at one time about eighty 
soldiers of the Pennsylvania Line, drunken and mutinous, drove 
Congress out of the city of Philadelphia. 

The sentiment of union among the states was sadly weak. 
Indeed, it is rather hard for us at this day to realize the 
condition of affairs at that time. There was no telegraph or 
telephone ; there were no steamboats, no railroads ; a person 
can now travel from Massachusetts to Oregon in less time than 
it took to travel from Boston to Philadelphia in 1783. Mails 
were very slow and postage high. As a natural consequence, 
the states were almost like foreign countries to one another. 
Manners and customs differed greatly in different parts of the 
country, and many very silly prejudices existed. The mutual 
jealousies and petty spites of the various states had been shown 
during the war, which indeed had at times come near to failure 
through lack of the sentiment of union. 

Now that the war was over, and the pressing necessity for 
concerted action had ceased, this sentiment was of course 
weaker than ever. Sectional strife increased, threats of seces- 
sion, or separation, were heard from both North and South, and 
sometimes it seemed almost as if there would be civil war. It 
was now that the beneficent effects of Maryland's fight for 
national control of the western lands Was felt in its full force, 



FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 139 

for a common interest in the valuable territory held the states 
together. It soon became apparent that something must be 
done, and done at once. 

81. Formation of the Federal Union. — Among the chief evils 
of this period was the commercial war which the states waged 
against one another, by charging high tariff duties on goods 
brought into one state from another. Virginia and Maryland 
found it necessary to come to some agreement for the regula- 
tion of their commerce, and this was thought a good occasion 
for a general conference of the states on the same subject. A 
convention met at Annapolis in September, 1786, but only five 
states were represented. The convention therefore adjourned 
without discussing the matter, but before doing so, it issued 
a call for another convention to meet at Philadelphia and 
devise some means for the improvement of the general govern- 
ment. 

The convention met accordingly in Philadelphia in May, 1787,. 
and adjourned in September of the same year. George Wash- 
ington was elected president of this famous body, which then 
proceeded to abolish the old Confederation, and to frame the 
system of government under which we now live. The Constitu- 
tion so framed was adopted by the states, and on April 30, 1789, 
George Washington became first president of the United States. 
There was much opposition to the new Constitution, and its rati- 
fication was opposed by some of the strongest patriots. The 
states seemed to fear that a strong central government would 
after a time become an instrument of tyranny. When the people 
were once convinced that they were not going to sacrifice any 
of their liberties, but were merely going to transfer from the 
states to a national government those powers which it was 
necessary to exercise in common, they did not hesitate to adopt 
the Constitution. In Maryland, a convention met at Annapolis 



I40 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

on April 21, 1788, and seven days later ratified the Constitution 
by a vote of 63 to ii.^ 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

78. The Articles of Confederation. 

How did the new states regard themselves? 

What necessity for Union existed? What was done to meet the need? 
What action was taken in this matter by Maryland ? Was the act 
of importance? 

79. The Attitude of Maryland. 

The Northwest Territory ; conflicting claims of several states. 
Maryland advances the idea that this territory should be the property 

of all the states, and shows both the justice and good policy of the 

plan. 
The action of Maryland was, in effect, the laying of the corner-stone 

of the Federal Union. 
Maryland carries her point and enters the Union, March i, 1781. 

80. " The Critical Period." 

How did the Articles of Confederation work when put into practical 
operation ? 

Describe fully the condition of the country under this form of govern- 
ment. 

What held the states together? 

81. Formation of the Federal Union. 

Why the convention met at Annapolis in September, 1786. 

A new convention called for the following May to meet at Phila- 
delphia. 

The Constitutional Convention meets ; George Washington elected 
president. 

The present Constitution framed by the convention and adopted by 
the states. 

George Washington elected first president of the United States. 

Adoption of the Constitution in Maryland. 

1 During the period covered by this chapter there occurred an event which, while not 
connected with the subject of the chapter, is of too much interest to remain unnoticed. 
On March 14, 1786, James Rumsey of Cecil county, Maryland, ma(ie a trial trip at Har- 
per's Ferry, in a steamboat invented by him. The vessel was eighty feet long and 
operated by drawing water in at the bow and forcing it out at the stern. This was 
more than twenty years before Fulton launched the Clermont. See Browne's Maryland, 
pp. 319-320. 



FOUNDING THE NEW NATION 141 

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. How did the English gain their title to the Northwest Territory? 

How did the Americans gain theirs? What great states have since 
been formed from the Northwest Territory? What natural resources 
does this region contain? What facilities for trade? 

2. Suppose the states of the Union to be entirely independent of one 

another; try to imagine some of the consequences. Is the law- 
making power of value without the right to attach penalties? Can 
a government be maintained without the right to impose taxes? 
Justify the term, "The Critical Period." 

3. Name some of the powers which our Federal Government alone can 

exercise. Name some things which are managed entirely by the 
states. How long has our present system of government lasted? 
What is a republic? What is a democracy? What form of gov- 
ernment have the states? Can one of these states change this to 
another form of government? Could all the states, acting together, 
do so? 

4. Write an essay on " Maryland's Part in Founding the American 

Nation." 

REFERENCES 

For a general account of the establishment of our Federal Union, see Fiske's 
The Critical Period of American History. The importance of Maryland's part in 
the great work is explained in this book. For an account devoted particularly 
to the part borne by Maryland, see the masterly essay of Professor Herbert B.Adams 
on Marylatid''s Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States; this work is 
published in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political 
Science, Third Series, No. i. Elson's History of the United States, pp. 318-340. 



CHAPTER III 
INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 

82. The State Government. — The organization of a state 
government in Maryland, following the Declaration of Independ- 
ence and the overthrow of the proprietary government, and the 
election of Thomas Johnson as first governor, have already been 
mentioned. This new government was successful from the first. 
After an able administration, Governor Johnson was succeeded 
by Thomas Sim Lee, who in turn was succeeded by William Paca 
in 1782. In 1785 the noted Revolutionary officer, General Wil- 
liam Smallwood, was elected governor of the state. Three years 
later he was succeeded by John Eager Howard, who will be 
remembered as the hero of Cowpens and a leading spirit in the 
many hard-fought battles in the South. 

83. The Potomac Company : Plans for Opening a Trade Route 
to the Western Part of the State. — The western part of Mary- 
land was a region of rich resources, abounding in forests of valu- 
able timber and in rich mines, particularly of soft coal. It also 
possessed excellent soil and a pleasant and healthful climate, and 
after the Indians had ceased to threaten the frontiers its popula- 
tion had steadily increased. It was therefore of the highest 
importance to open up a trade route for the natural wealth of 
this region to the Chesapeake, and thence to the markets of 
the world. 

The Potomac river would naturally suggest itself as a high- 
way for this trade, and it is said that as far back as the campaign 
of General Braddock, Washington had considered this very idea, 

142 



INTERNAL AFFAIRS I43 

and had come to the conclusion that the river might be made 
navigable as far as Fort Cumberland. In 1784 the matter was 
taken up by the legislatures of Virginia and Maryland ; commis- 
sioners were appointed on both sides, and presently the Potomac 
Company was formed. George Washington was elected first 
president, and so deeply was he interested that he personally 
assisted at some of the surveys. Of course, it was the idea of 
the Potomac Company to open up the western part of Virginia 
as well as of Maryland. A great deal of money was invested in 




The Potomac River at Harper's Ferry 
From a photograph 

the enterprise, and the work was carried on at intervals for many 
years, but in the end the attempt had to be given up. The old 
Potomac Company then became merged in the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal Company. The history of this organization will be 
taken up further on in the course of our narrative. 

84. Interest in Education. — Following the end of the war, 
much interest seems to have been taken in education. In 1782 
Washington College was founded at Chestertown on the Eastern 
Shore, and named in honor of our illustrious first president. In 
1784 St. John's College was founded at Annapolis, and in the 



144 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



following year the two were united as the University of Mary- 
land. This arrangement, however, was not completed. King Wil- 
liam's School (see Sec. 
43) was merged in St. 
John's College. These 
two colleges, Washing- 
ton and St. John's, are 
still in existence. 

85. Founding the City 
of Washington. — Dur- 
ing former years Con- 
gress had moved about 
from city to city accord- 
ing to the necessities of 
the moment. After the 
establishment of a truly 
national government it 
became necessary to fix 
upon a permanent cap- 




McDowell Hall, St. John's College 
From a photograph 



ital. After much discussion, Congress finally decided upon the 
Potomac river for its location, and Washington was asked to- 
select a site for the future seat of government. He chose that 
of the present city of Washington, named for the " Father of 
his Country." A district ten miles square, on both sides of the 
river, was ceded to the United States by Virginia and Mary- 
land. It was provided that the public buildings should be erected 
on the Maryland side, and the part ceded by Virginia was after- 
ward given back to that state. Both Maryland and Virginia 
appropriated large sums of money to be used for the erection 
of these buildings. The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid by 
Washington on September 18, 1793, and the seat of govern- 
ment was removed to the new capital in June, 1800. 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 145 

THE WAR OF 1812"^ 

86. Causes of the War. — The Revohitionary War was fought 
for poUtical freedom; the War of 1812 was fought for commer- 
cial freedom. The British found it difficult to obtain enough 
sailors to serve in their navy, and this want they undertook to 
supply by boldly stopping American vessels on the high seas 
and taking off seamen, under the pretense that they were 
deserters from the British navy. This was called impressment, 
and the unfortunate men so impressed were cruelly robbed 
of home, friends, and country without the least cause or any 
chance of redress. Such an act, of course, would not now be 
tolerated for one moment, but it must be remembered that in 
the beginning of the century our country was pitiably weak, 
and we were obHged to suffer some bitter wrongs, simply 
because we were too weak to help ourselves. England was 
mistress of the seas, with a navy nearly a hundred times as 
strong as ours, and for a while we suffered in silence. Never- 
theless, England's conduct soon became so overbearing as to 
be unendurable, and in June, 18 12, Congress declared war. 

87. Progress of the War ; Gallant Exploit of Marylanders. — 
The declaration of war was not approved by all the people of 
the country; most 'of the party known as Federalists opposed 
it, and in New England, where trade was interfered with, the 
war was denounced as unnecessary and ruinous, and threats of 
secession were heard. The Massachusetts Senate even declared 
the war to be " founded on falsehood and declared without neces- 
sity." In Maryland the Senate resolved " that the war waged 
by the United States against Great Britain is just, necessary, 
and pohtic, and ought to be supported by the united strength 
and resources of the nation, until the grand object is obtained 
for which it was declared." The majority of the Maryland 



146 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



House were opposed to the declaration of war, yet they did 
not hesitate to pledge their " lives and fortunes to the public 
service." Baltimore proved itself one of the most zealous and 
ardently patriotic cities in the United States. 

A newspaper of Baltimore, called the Federal Republican, 
printed an article bitterly denouncing the war and accusing the 
government of dishonorable and unworthy motives. The result 
was a riot, and before the affair was settled the office of the news- 
paper was torn down and several persons 
were killed or wounded. 

The military operations of the war were 
in general badly managed and very un- 
successful. An invasion of Canada was 
attempted, but the effort ended in failure. 
During this time the capture of two Brit- 
ish vessels on Lake Erie, the Caledonia 
and the Detroit, was planned by Lieu- 
tenant Jesse Duncan Elliott, a young 
naval officer of Maryland. The capture 
was gallantly executed by EUiott and 
Captain Nathan Towson,^ of Baltimore. 
At sea the Americans were much more 
successful. The ships of our navy won a series of brilliant vic- 
tories, and American privateers inflicted immense loss upon 
British shipping. Of these none performed services of greater 
value than the famous '' Baltimore cHppers," noted for their 
remarkable swiftness. If they found it necessary to fly before 
a stronger enemy, they had no trouble in escaping, while if the 
enemy fled at their approach, he had little chance of escape. 
Enormous damage was inflicted upon the British in this way. 

1 Towson, the county seat of Baltimore county, was named for Captain (afterward 
General) Towson. 




Nathan Towson 

From a painting in the 
gallery of the Maryland 
Historical Society 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



147 




A Baltimore Clipper 
After a contemporary photograph 

88. The War in Maryland; Capture of Washington. — In 18 13 

ten British ships of war under Admiral Cockburn (Co-burn) en- 
tered the Chesapeake. For several months the admiral and his 
men amused themselves by robbing the inhabitants and destroy- 
ing property on both sides of the bay. Havre de Grace and 
other towns were sacked and burned, and Baltimore threatened. 
Lonely farmhouses and other private property were wantonly 
destroyed. The inhabitants were shamefully abused, and even 
women and children did not escape insult and outrage at the 
hands of these savages. These outrageous proceedings were 
the worse as they served no military purpose whatever. They 
simply increased the hatred of the people for the British, and 
aroused the state and the nation to more determined resistance. 
In August, 1 8 14, another British fleet arrived in the Chesa- 
peake, commanded by Admiral Cockrane. On board this fleet 



148 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



were three thousand veteran soldiers under General Ross. An 
expedition for the capture of Washington was planned at once. 
Sir Peter Parker was sent up the bay with several vessels to 
threaten Baltimore and annoy the people as much as possible. 
Barns and crops were burned and other property destroyed. 
But these depredations were not to go unpunished. Near mid- 
night on the 30th of August about two hundred men landed under 
Sir Peter Parker in person, with the intention of surprising and 
capturing the camp of Lieutenant Colonel Philip Reed, con- 
sisting of about one hundred and seventy men of a Maryland 
regiment. The two little armies met on what is known as 
Caulk's Field, about nine miles from Chestertown, and not only 
were the British driven back with loss, but Sir Peter Parker him- 
self was killed. A monument was erected on Caulk's Field in 
the autumn of 1902, to the memory of Philip Reed. 

In the meantime the main body of British moved up the Patux- 
ent river. On their approach Commodore Barney, whose flotilla 

was lying in the river, ordered his ves- 
sels to be burned to keep them from 
falHng into the hands of the enemy. 
He and his men then joined the force 
under General Winder, who was pre- 
paring to resist the attack of Ross. 
No adequate preparations had been 
made for the defense of the capital. 
General William H. Winder had been 
placed in command of this department, 
but his force consisted of a mere hand- 
ful of regulars, the rest of his troops 
being militia from Maryland, Virginia, and the District of 
Columbia. They were met by the British at Bladensburg and 
quickly routed, the militia making hardly any resistance. Indeed, 




THE SECOiND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



149 



the principal defense was made by the gallant crews of Commo- 
dore Barney, the latter finally being wounded and taken pris- 
oner. Ross now pushed on and entered Washington, where he 
seized or destroyed much private property and burned the 
Capitol and other public buildings. 




89. The Attack on Baltimore. — The British now turned their 
attention to Baltimore. When it was known that they were 
coming, all ordinary work ceased and everybody began to drill or 
to work on the defenses. Breastworks were rapidly thrown up 
across the eastern part of the city. The approaches to the city 
by water were guarded by Fort McHenry, at the extremity of 



ISO 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Whetstone Point at the mouth of the Northwest Branch of the 
Patapsco ; by batteries on Lazaretto Point opposite ; and by 
batteries erected in the rear of the fort. The officer in com- 



Fort McHenry 
From a photograph 

mand of the army was General Samuel Smith, noted for his 
heroic defense of Fort Mifflin (see Sec. 70); in charge of the 

two divisions were Generals Winder 
and Strieker. The fort was com- 
manded by Major Armistead. 

By seven o'clock on the morning 
of September 12, 18 14, about eight 
or nine thousand British troops 
had landed on North Point, at the 
mouth of the Patapsco. The ves- 
sels moved up the river to attack 
Fort McHenry. General Strieker, 
in command of the Baltimore militia, 
moved toward North Point on the 
evening of the nth, and on the 
morning of the 12th formed a line 
of battle, with his right flank resting on Bear creek and his left 
covered by a marsh. The British marched boldly to the attack, 
but the struggle had hardly commenced when General Ross him- 




Samuel Smith 

From a portrait in the gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society 









»<--<. i 



j^^^^ ^^; ^^^/^ ^ ^ -^'-, jl2^ T' 

ar.^ ^^ i5_^:^^ ^V^ .L^ --^^-.-^ 






The " Star-spangled Banner " 
From the manuscript in possession of Mrs. Rebecca Lloyd Shippen 



152 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



self fell, mortally wounded. The inexperienced militia bravely 
held their ground against the superior force of trained soldiers 
until the attack had been thoroughly checked. They then re- 
tired to the defenses nearer the city. This engagement is known 
as the battle of North Point. Further fighting was postponed 

until the fleet should pass 
Fort McHenry and be able 
to cooperate with the army, 
but this was an event that 
never occurred. 

At sunrise on the 13th of 
September the British fleet 
opened fire on Fort McHenry, 
which could make no reply, 
the vessels of the fleet having 
stationed themselves out of 
range. Attempts were made 
to send vessels and troops 
nearer to the fort, but they 
were repulsed with great 
slaughter. All that day shot 
and shell rained upon the de- 
voted fort ; the sun sank and 
darkness fell, but the roar of 
cannon and the screech of 




Francis Scott Key 

From the painting in possession 
of Miss Alice Key Blunt of Baltimore 



shell had not ceased. There was something singularly impres- 
sive and awful in the sullen silence of the fort. Now, however, 
the Stars and Stripes that had waved in calm defiance throughout 
the day were hidden by the darkness, and when the firing sud- 
denly ceased before morning no one could tell whether the fort 
had surrendered or not. But the first rays of the rising sun 
showed that our flag was still there, floating in calm triumph in 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 153 

the morning breeze. Thousands of hearts bounded with pride 
and joy. The attack on Baltimore was at an end and the 
defeated enemy in full retreat. 

90. **The Star-spangled Banner.*' — The feelings excited by 
these stirring events were expressed by Francis Scott Key in the 
famous national song, "The Star-spangled Banner." Before 
the bombardment began, Key had gone out to the fleet to obtain 
the release of a friend who had been captured, and he was de- 
tained until the attack was over. Pacing up and down the deck 
of the vessel during that night of terrible suspense, he composed 
the famous song, making a few notes on the back of a letter. 
Soon people all over the country were singing its patriotic 
words. (See Sec. 121 and Appendix D.) 

91. The End of the War. — On the 24th of December, 18 14, 
a treaty of peace was signed, ending the war. The right of our 
ships to sail the seas unmolested has not been again questioned. 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

82. The State Government. 

Early governors of the state. 

83. The Potomac Company : Plans for Opening a Trade Route to the Western 

Part of the State. 

Give an account of the attempt, its object, and the result. 

84. Interest in Education. 

Tell about the first University of Maryland. 

85. Founding the City of Washington. ^ 

The necessity for a permanent capital. 

Washington chooses a site on the Potomac river. 

Territory ceded by Virginia and Maryland ; Virginia's part ceded back. 

Government transferred to the city of Washington, June, 1800- 

The War of 1812 

86. Causes of the War. 

Explain the causes of the War of 181 2. 
Why were hostilities so long delayed? 



154 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

87. Progress of the War ; Gallant Exploit of Marylanders. 

Contrast the attitude of Maryland with that of the New England states. 

A riot in Baltimore, causing loss of life and destruction of property. 

Military operations unsuccessful ; success of the navy. 

Capture of the Caledonia and the Detroit. 

Services of the privateers ; the " Baltimore clippers." 

88. The War in Maryland ; Capture of Washington. 

The depredations of Admiral Cockburn and their effect. 
Arrival of second fleet and three thousand troops. 
The battle of Bladensburg ; Washington captured. 

89. The Attack on Baltimore. 

The defenses of Baltimore ; generals in command of troops. 
The battle of North Point ; advance of the British checked. 
Bombardment of Fort McHenry. Failure of attack on the city. 

90. The "■ Star-spangled Banner." 

Francis Scott Key detained on a British warship. 

He composes the famous national song during the night of suspense. 

91. The End of the War. 

Treaty of peace signed, December 24, 1814. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Trace on the map [pp. 222-223] : («) the course of the Potomac river as 

far as Cumberland ; {b) the route of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal ; 
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Had the Potomac been made navi- 
gable to Cumberland, what effect would this probably have had on 
Baltimore city ? How did the railroad affect the situation ? 

2. Do Washington College and St. John's College obtain state aid at the 

present time ? What does the state get in return ? 



REFERENCES 

See Elson's History of the United States, pp. 394-450, or any standard history, 
of the United States, or of the War of 1812. Browne's Maryland, pp. 325-338. 
James's revision of McSherry's Histojy of Maryland, pp. 285-304. If available, 
consult Scharf's History of Maryland, Vol. III. 



CHAPTER IV 
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS; THE MEXICAN WAR 

92. Introduction. — We have already considered the resources 
of the western section of Maryland and the need of a trade 
route between this part of the state and Chesapeake bay. The 
Potomac Company was organized to open such a route, but the 
scheme of opening up the Potomac to navigation proved impos- 
sible of accomplishment. Up to the time of the war the com- 
merce of the state prospered immensely, the value of exports 
increasing perhaps six or seven times. The need for commercial 
facilities of a better kind grew constantly, and the proposed trade 
route between the west and the east of the state became of the 
highest importance to both sections. During the war, schemes 
of improvement were for the time laid aside, and commerce 
necessarily suspended to a great extent. But with the close of the 
war began a new era of prosperity and development, followed by 
the needed improvements, whose history we have now to trace. 

93. **The Monumental City.»» — On the 4th of July, 1815, 
the corner-stone of a fine monument to the memory of George 
Washington was laid. The monument, built by the state of 
Maryland, is situated on North Charles street, in the city of 
Baltimore. It was completed in 1829, is built of white Mary- 
land marble, and is in all 164 feet high. It rests on a marble 
base 50 feet square and 24 feet high, and is surmounted by a 
statue, 16 feet in height, of Washington, represented in the act 
of resigning his commission. This was the first worthy monu- 
ment erected to the memory of the *' Father of his Country." 

155 



156 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 




Mount Vernon Square, Baltimore, showing Washington Monument 
From a photograph 

On the first anniversary of the British attack on Baltimore the 
corner-stone of a monument to the memory of the city's defenders 
at North Point and Fort McHenry was laid. This is known as 
the Battle Monument. A great many monuments have since 



PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS; THE MEXICAN WAR 



157 



been erected in Baltimore, and on this account, as well as because 
the city raised the first notable monument to George Washington, 
Baltimore is often called the " Monumental City." 

94. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. — Although it proved 
to be impossible to carry out the plans of the old Potomac Com- 
pany for opening up the Potomac river, yet the project of estab- 
lishing a trade route along that stream was far too important to 
be given up. It was not merely a question of providing an out- 
let for the rich region of western Maryland, but there was a 
chance to bring through the state a large and valuable western 
trade as well. The 
next thing thought 
of to supply the 
need was a canal, 
and after much dis- 
cussion the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio 
Canal Company was 
formed in 1824. This 
company undertook 
to construct a canal 
from Georgetown, 
on the Potomac, to the Ohio river. From Georgetown, vessels 
could reach the Chesapeake by way of the Potomac river. The 
canal was finally completed as far as Cumberland. 

There was also much talk of cutting a canal to connect Balti- 
more with the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, as it was feared that 
the western trade would pass the city by ; but it was considered 
doubtful whether such a plan was practicable, and the proposed 
canal was never begun. 

95. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — The citizens of 
Baltimore fully realized the danger of missing the large and 




Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 
From a photograph 



158 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



profitable trade of the west, as well as its value to them in case 
they could get it to flow through their city. They accordingly 

cast about for some 
means of bringing this 
trade to Baltimore. 
A committee, com- 
posed of PhiHp E. 
Thomas and other 
prominent gentlemen, 
was appointed to con- 
sider the matter, and 
they recommended 
that a double railroad 
be constructed from 




First Method of Travel on the Baltimore and Ohio 

Railroad, 1829 

From a print 



Baltimore to some suitable point on the Ohio river. 

Now at first sight this may seem very simple and natural, 
but really the plan showed great wisdom, foresight, and pro- 
gressiveness on the 
part of its projectors ; --■ , '^'.^"IIK' 
for at that time rail- 
roads were not in use 
in America, and the 
first passenger rail- 
road in the world (the 
Liverpool and Man- 
chester railway, in 
England) had been 
commenced but two 
years before and was 
not yet in successful 
operation. A company to put this plan of the committee into 
operation was nevertheless formed, called the Baltimore and 




thirst Locomotive built in America 

Peter Cooper, Baltimore, 1830 

From a photograph 



PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS; THE MEXICAN WAR 159 



Ohio Railroad Company, 
first president. From a 




The Davis "Grasshopper" Type, 1832 
From a photograph 



and Philip E. Thomas was made its 
discovery made in England by Mr. 
William Gibson (for- 
merly of the Baltimore 
and Ohio railroad) it 
appears that a repre- 
sentative was actually 
sent to England to 
make personal inves- 
tigations. 

The ceremony of 
breaking ground was 
performed on the 4th 
of July, 1828, by the 
aged Charles Carroll 

of Carrollton, then more than ninety years of age, and the last 

living signer of the Declaration of Independence. " I consider 

this among the most important acts of my Hfe," exclaimed the 

venerable patriot as he struck the spade into the earth, " second 

only to that of sign- . 

ing the Declaration 

of Independence, if 

second even to that." 
Although horses 

were at first used to 

draw the cars, steam 

was soon applied. 

Peter Cooper, who 

owned large iron 

works in the vicinity 

of Canton, near Baltimore, built a small locomotive, very httle 

larger than an ordinary workman's handcar of the present day. 




The "Dutch Wagon" Type, 1838 
From a print 



i6o 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




The Winan's " Mud Digger, 
From a print 



[844 



The first trip was made on August 28, 1830, from Baltimore to 
Ellicott's Mills (now Ellicott City), and was entirely successful. 
The return trip of thirteen miles was' made in fifty-seven min- 
utes. In 1852 the 
road was completed 
to Wheeling, on the 
Ohio river, and on 
New Year'sday, 1853, 
the first train passed 
over the road. 

96. Financial Dis- 
tresses. — The Bank 
of Maryland, owing 
to a change of policy 
on the part of the 
national government, 
was obliged to stop business in 1834. Many of the depositors 
were poor persons, who naturally became much alarmed at the 
thought of losing the . ^ 

little they possessed ; -law^ "- ^^^ 

but great confidence 
was felt in the offi- 
cers of the bank, and 
the people waited pa- 
tiently for some 
months. Then a vio- 
lent quarrel arose 

among the officers of Winan's Famous "Camel Back," 1851 

the bank, and the con- F'"^"^ ^ p'*"^ 

fidence of the depositors was quickly lost. Riots followed, in 
the course of which the houses of several of the directors of 
the bank and that of the mayor of the city (Baltimore) were 




PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS; THE MEXICAN WAR 



l6l 



broken open and much valuable property destroyed. For a 
time the mob held absolute control, but companies of citizens 
were soon formed for the preservation of the peace, under the 

leadership of General 
Samuel Smith, and 
the troubles were 
promptly quelled. 

Two years later a 
great wave of finan- 
cial distress swept 
over the whole coun- 
try — business houses 
and banks failed from 
one end of the Union 




Modern Passenger Locomotive, 1904 
From a photograph 



to the other. Some states refused to pay the interest that was 
legally due on their debts. The public improvements going on 
in Maryland, particularly the canal and the railroad enterprises, 
had been repeatedly aided by the state. In proportion to the pop- 
ulation, the expendi- 
tures had been enor- 
mous. In the desperate 
condition that now 
confronted the state, 
her credit and honor 
were preserved by Mr. 
George Peabody, a - 
wealthy and patriotic 

merchant who had Largest Freight Locomotive in the World, 1904 

laid the foundation of ^™"' ^ photograph 

a great fortune in Baltimore. He secured a loan in London, 
supporting Maryland credit with his own fortune and influence, 
yet he nobly refused all pay for his great and important services. 




1 62 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



97. The First Telegraph Line. — In 1 844 the first telegraph line 
was built, between Baltimore and Washington. This instrument 
was the invention of Professor Samuel F. B. Morse and has been 
of the highest importance in the development of our country. 

98. Government Reforms. — The many changes that took 
place after the adoption of the Constitution of 1776 (see Sec. 

16) gave rise to much 
dissatisfaction with 
that instrument. Each 
county sent the same 
number of delegates 
to the Assembly — 
four, while Baltimore 
and AnnapoHs sent 
half as many — two 
each. At that time the 
counties were nearly 
equal in population, 

View of Ellicott City, First Terminus of the and Baltimore WaS 

B. & O. R.R. only a moderately 

From a photograph large town. But the 

western counties soon came to have large populations, while 
Baltimore, which was made a city in 1797, grew to be a large 
and important centre. It thus happened that a minority of the 
people could control the state government. This came to be a 
great grievance, and after much effort the Constitution, in 1837, 
was revised. Representation was more fairly apportioned ; the 
counties sent delegates according to population, AnnapoHs lost 
her delegates, and Baltimore sent the same number as the 
largest counties. The electoral college was abolished, and the 
election of the senators given to the people. The governor's 
council was abolished, and the governor elected by the people. 




PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS; THE MEXICAN WAR 163 

In 1802 the property qualification for voting was abolished, 
and that for holding office followed in 18 10; in 1825 Jews, who 
before this time were not allowed to hold any public office, were 
placed on the same footing with Christians; and in 1846 the 
sessions of the General Assembly were made biennial. The old 
Constitution having become "a thing of shreds and patches," 
a new one was adopted by the people in 1851. The term of 
the governor and of senators was made four years, and it was 
provided that the judges 
and many other officers 
should be elected by the 
people. Imprisonment 
for debt was abolished. It 
is apparent that the gen- 
eral tendency of all these 
reform movements was to 
place the control of af- 
fairs more directly in the 
hands of the people, and 
to render the government 
more truly free and re- 
publican. 

99. The War with Mex- 
ico. — Our present state 
of Texas was formerly a 
part of Mexico. Its in- 
habitants rebelled against the government of that country, and 
succeeded in establishing an independent republic. This repub- 
lic asked to be annexed to the United States. The request 
being granted, a dispute ensued over the boundary between 




Mexican War Monument, Baltimore 
From a photograph 



1 Erected by the Association of Veterans of the Mexican War, to the memory of Mary- 
land soldiers who perished in the Mexican War. 



l64 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Mexico and Texas, which led to a war between the United States 
and Mexico. Congress declared war in May, 1846. 

In the course of this war no officers performed their duties 
with more spirit, devotion, and intelligence than those of Mary- 
land. At the battle of Palo Alto, Major Samuel Ringgold of 
Maryland, who commanded the artillery, was mortally wounded. 
His skill and bravery were of cardinal importance in winning 
victory for the Americans. Colonel William H. Watson of 
Maryland was killed while leading his regiment to the assault 
at Monterey. After the capture of Monterey, Captain Ran- 
dolph Ridgely, who had succeeded to Major Ringgold's com- 
mand, was killed by a fall from his horse. He served with 
distinguished skill and valor, and his death was regarded as 
a serious loss to the American army. Captain John Eager 
Howard, a grandson of the Revolutionary hero, won much 
honor for his courage and spirit. In this war Maryland's repu- 
tation for the personal gallantry and good conduct of her sol- 
diers was fully sustained. 

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

92. Introduction. 

Increase of Maryland's commerce. 

93. *' The Monumental City." 

Describe the monument to Washington erected in Baltimore. 
What does the Battle Monument commemorate? 
Why is Baltimore called the Monumental City? 

94. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 

Formation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company ; its plans. 
How far were the plans successful? 

95. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

The citizens of Baltimore decide to connect the city with the Ohio river 

by means of a railroad ; wisdom of the plan. 
Formation of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 
The work begun by Charles Carroll ; his opinion of its importance. 
Steam used ; the engine of Peter Cooper, and the trial trip to Ellicott City. 
The road completed to the Ohio, 1852. 



PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS; THE MEXICAN WAR 165 

96. Financial Distresses. 

Failure of the Bank of Maryland. 

Riots occur, and serious loss of property results ; the riots quelled by 

General Samuel Smith. 
The heavy expenditures of Maryland for public improvements. 
The credit of the state saved by George Peabody. 

97. The First Telegraph Line. 

Location of the first telegraph line. 

98. Government Reforms. 

What changes were made by the amendments to the Constitution in 

1837? 
What other changes were made ? 

What changes were made by the Constitution of 1851 ? 
What was the general effect of all these changes? 

99. The War with Mexico. 

State the cause of the Mexican War. 

Give an account of the services of Marylanders in this war. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Is it well to erect monuments to the memory of illustrious men? Give 

reasons for your answer. What is the largest monument in the world? 

2. Name some other railroads in Maryland at the present time besides the 

Baltimore and Ohio. What is the route of each you have named? 
Explain in detail how a railroad benefits the country through which it 
is built. Name four large cities along the line of the Baltimore and 
and Ohio railroad in Maryland. 

3. State some of the advantages of the telegraph. Show how it strengthens 

the union of the states of our country. Express your opinion of the 
various changes made in the government of Maryland, as described in 
section 98. 

REFERENCES 

James' revision of McSherry's History of Maryland, pp. 305-338. If available, 
see Scharfs Maryland, Vol. III. For Constitutional changes, see Steiner's Institu- 
tions and Civil Government of Maryland, pp. 12-15. P^"^ ^ ^^ account of the 
Chesapeake and Ohio canal, see Dr. G. W. Ward's Early Development of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Ca7tal Project, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical 
and Political Science, Seventeenth Series, ix, x, xi. For an account of the Mexican 
War, see Elson's History of the United States, pp. 523-533, or any good history of 
the nation. 



CHAPTER V 
SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 

100. Introduction. — We have now reached the saddest part 
of our story — the time when the people of our country were to 
meet on the deadly battle-field, not to repel a foreign enemy, 
but in bloody strife with one another. War is always terrible, 
even when waged against a foreign nation, and in defense of 
home and country ; it is infinitely more terrible when a nation 
becomes divided in civil war, when relatives and friends are 
arrayed under opposing standards, and even brothers meet in 
deadly combat. It is therefore painful even to look back upon 
this unfortunate period of our history, and in studying about it 
we should try to free ourselves from all feeling of bitterness and 
prejudice. There is here simply a record of the most important 
points of Maryland's connection with the great struggle. The 
bitter feelings of anger and hatred that the war naturally excited 
are now practically all allayed, and our people are again united ; 
it should be our effort to perpetuate this friendly feeling in every 
possible way, to look back upon the wrongs and mistakes com- 
mitted by both sides in the great civil war with no other feel- 
ings than those of pity and regret, and to take care ourselves 
that no repetition of these sad occurrences ever be possible. 

101. Negro Slavery. — Very early in the history of our coun- 
try slaves were introduced, and gradually came to be held 
throughout the land. As the population increased and the con- 
dition of the various sections of the country became fixed, the 
people of the North engaged largely in commerce and manufac- 

i66 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



167 



turing, while those of the South were occupied almost entirely 
with agriculture. To the people of the North slavery was of 
Httle or no use, and gradually the institution was abolished ; in 
the South, on the other hand, 
slave labor was very valuable, 
and slavery was therefore re- 
tained. 

102. The Maryland Coloniza- 
tion Society. — There were, how- 
ever, many people in the South 
who favored the gradual eman- 
cipation of the slaves, and efforts 
to accomplish this end were 
made, particularly in Maryland. 
No state made greater efforts 
/to improve the condition of the 
■^^egro. In 1790 there v/ere 8,043 
free negroes in the state ; by 
i860 there were 83,718, only 
3,470 less than the slave popula- 
tion. The proportion of slaves 
to free negroes had been re- 
duced from 12.81 to 1.04. 

Early in the century the Amer- 
ican Colonization Society was 
formed for the purpose of plant- 
, ing colonies of free negroes in 
Africa. A similar organization was formed in Maryland in 
January, 1831, called "The Maryland State Colonization So- 
ciety." Soon afterward a colony was sent out to Liberia, a 
piece of territory on the western coast of Africa. The follow- 
ing is a resolution adopted by the Society : " That the Mary- 




Confederate Monument, Baltimore 

Erected by the Maryland Daughters of 
the Confederacy 

From a photograph 



l68 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

land State Colonization Society look forward to the extirpation 
of slavery in Maryland, by proper and gradual efforts addressed 
to the understanding and experience of the people of the 
state, as the peculiar object of their labors." This they thought 
could best be accompHshed by colonization, and it is worth not- 
ing that the use of intoxicating liquors was forbidden, both to 
the employees of the Society and to the emigrants. The Soci- 
ety was liberally aided by the state, and succeeded in establish- 
ing a prosperous colony, which was known as " Maryland in 
Liberia." This colony was given a republican form of gov- 
ernment, and finally granted independence. It was afterward 
united by treaty with Liberia, and became known as Maryland 
county. 

103. The Controversy over Slavery between the North and 
South. — The regulation of slavery was not, however, left to the 
states to manage in their own way. A party arose in the North 
called Abolitionists, who declared that slavery was a great 
moral wrong and ought to be abolished by the national govern- 
ment. Other things occurred, also, to anger the people of the 
South, and to check the emancipation movements already in 
progress. 

The increase of national territory was closely connected with 
the slavery question. At the close of the Revolutionary War 
our territory extended to the Mississippi ; as time went on it 
gradually extended across the continent to the Pacific. A party 
was formed in the North, called the Republican, for the purpose 
of prohibiting slavery in the territories, on the ground that it 
was morally wrong. The people of the South, supported by a 
decision of the United States Supreme Court, claimed the right 
to take their slaves with them wherever they pleased, just as 
they could take any other property. So here were the elements 
of a fatal quarrel. In i860 the Republican party nominated 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



169 



Abraham Lincoln for the presidency, and he was elected. It 
was the election of Lincoln that precipitated the Civil War. 

104. States* Rights ; Secession of Southern States. — From 
the time when the Federal Union was formed there had been 
much difference of opinion about the powers that belonged to 
the general government and those which were retained by the 
states. Many persons believed that a state had the right to 





Abraham Lincoln 
From a pli olograph 



Jefferson Davis 
From a photograph 



"secede," or withdraw from the Union into which it had entered, 
while others thought that once in the Union a state was obliged 
to remain there. In the early history of the United States 
threats of secession were often heard both from Northern and 
Southern states. The right to secede was now claimed and 
actually exercised. 

Many of the Southern leaders declared that the interests of 
the South were no longer safe in the Union after the election of 



I/O LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Lincoln, and shortly after that event South Carolina, Georgia, 
Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas seceded 
from the Union. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North 
Carolina, although they remained in the Union for the time, did 
not think the Federal government had the right to use force 
against a seceding state, and when compelled to choose they 
joined the South. 

These states organized a new government, called the Con- 
federate States of America, and Jefferson Davis was elected 
president. The result was the Civil War, between the North 
and the South, the greatest war of modern times. 

105. The Position of Maryland. — How did Maryland stand 
in the terrible struggle now about to begin ? No other state 
occupied a more difficult position. As a Southern state, with 
a large population of slaves, and bound to the South by count- 
less ties, social, political, and commercial, Maryland naturally 
sympathized with the South. Yet at the same time, as in all 
the border states, there was the greatest difference of opinion 
among her people. Many people were in favor of seceding 
from the Union and joining the Confederacy, while others were 
strongly attached to the Union and regarded the action of the 
South as treason and rebelhon. Still others favored the cause 
of the South, but thought that prudence should restrain the 
state from taking that side ; for Maryland was separated from 
the Southern states by the Potomac, while on the north she lay 
exposed, and her bay and rivers invited attack by the Federal 
fleets. More important still, the Federal capital was situated 
within the geographical bounds of the state. Hence the na- 
tional government was certain to make the greatest efforts to 
prevent Maryland from taking the side of the South. Fearful 
suffering and perhaps ruin awaited a union with the South, and 
hence many Southern sympathizers were unwilling that the 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



171 



state should thus endanger herself. There were still others 
who did not believe in the right of secession, but who thought 
the Federal government had no right to use force to prevent 
a state from seceding, while some believed in the right but did 
not think the conditions were such as to demand its exercise. 
Under these circumstances there was some effort to assume a 
neutral attitude, but it soon became plain that such a thing was 





U. S. Grant 
From a photograph 



Robert E. Lee 
From a photograph 



impossible. The considerations of prudence, aided by the 
strong arm of the Federal government, prevailed, and Maryland 
remained in the Union. 

106. The War for the Union. — In April, 1861, hostilities 
commenced with the bombardment and capture of Fort Sum- 
ter, in Charleston harbor, by the Confederates. President 
Lincoln immediately issued a call for seventy-five thousand men 
to "put down the rebeUion," and the call was promptly and 



1/2 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

enthusiastically answered by the Northern states. The struggle 
which ensued between the armies of the two sections of our 
unhappy country was of the most desperate and terrible char- 
acter. The record of the various campaigns and battles belongs 
to the history of the United States, and forms no part of our 
own narrative. General Robert E. Lee, the commander-in-chief 
of the Southern army, was in the end obliged to surrender to 
General U. S. Grant, in command of the Federal armies, and 
the war thus came to an end with victory for the North. We 
have now to note the more important points of Maryland's con- 
nection with the great conflict. 

107. First Bloodshed of the War. — A body of Northern troops, 
the Sixth Massachusetts regiment, passed through Baltimore on 
the 19th of April, 1861, on the way to Washington. A terrible 
riot ensued. An excited mob surrounded the soldiers, began 
pelting them with stones and other missiles, and injured several. 
In return, the soldiers fired a number of times upon the crowd 
of angry people, and many persons were killed and wounded on 
both sides. A serious conflict was averted only by the bravery 
and energy of the mayor and the marshal of police, who finally, 
at great risk to themselves, managed to keep back the mob.^ 

The greatest excitement now prevailed in Baltimore city. It 
was known that other bodies of troops were on their way south, 
and it seemed evident that they could not pass through Balti- 
more without a bloody conflict. To prevent this the bridges to 
the north and east of the city were destroyed, and by request 
of the governor of Maryland and the mayor of Baltimore city 
the president ordered that troops on the way to Washington 
should not approach Baltimore. 

1 As an evidence of the present good feeling, it is worth knowing that the Sixth Massa- 
chusetts regiment received a splendid ovation in Baltimore in 1898, when passing through' 
the city at the beginning of the Spanish-American War. 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



173 



108. Maryland occupied by Federal Troops ; Acts of Oppres- 
sion. — Maryland, though she remained in the Union and was 
called a " loyal" state, was in many respects treated Uke a con- 
quered province. In May General B. F. Butler seized Fed- 
eral Hill by night, and batteries were erected overlooking the 
city. Soldiers were 
soon stationed at im- 
portant points all over 
the state, and the civil 
authorities were obliged 
to take second place. 

The unfortunate re- 
sults of a substitution 
of military for civil 
rule, of the reign of 
force instead of law, 
were now to be seen. 
In May Mr. John Mer- 
ryman of Baltimore 
county was arrested by 
the military authorities 
on a charge of treason, 
and imprisoned in Fort 
McHenry. Chief Jus- 
tice Taney,! Qf ^-j^g 5^_ 
preme Court of the 
United States, issued, at the request of the prisoner, a writ of 
habeas corpus. This famous writ is regarded as one of the 

1 Chief Justice Taney was a native of Calvert county, Maryland. He was a man of 
high character and profound legal knowledge. Before becoming chief justice he served in 
Maryland as delegate and senator in the Assembly, as attorney-general of Maryland, as 
attorney-general of the United States, and as secretary of the treasury of the United States. 
In 1836 he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court by President Jackson. 




Statue of Roger B. Taney, Washington Place, 

Baltimore 

From a photograph 



1/4 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

greatest safeguards of personal liberty. When a person is 
arrested and imprisoned, he may apply to a court of justice 
and obtain a writ of Jiabeas coj'piis. This is an order from the 
court, commanding the prisoner to be brought before the court, 
and cause for his detention shown. If there is not sufficient 
evidence to justify his being held for trial, the judge is bound 
to set him free. The general in command refused to obey the 
writ of Justice Taney, and when a United States marshal at- 
tempted to arrest him for contempt of court, the latter was 
kept out of the fort and not allowed to perform his duty. 
The general declared that he had been authorized by the presi- 
dent to suspend the writ of Jiabeas corpus. The chief justice 
then filed in the Supreme Court an opinion in the case, declar- 
ing that under the Federal Constitution Congress alone has the 
power to suspend the writ of Jiabeas corpus. No attention was 
paid by the government to this decision, however, and the pris- 
oner was held in confinement. The General Assembly of Mary- 
land then in session declared, " We deem the writ of Jiabeas 
corpus the great safeguard of personal liberty; and we view with 
alarm and indignation the exercise of despotic power that has 
dared to suspend it." 

The military authorities assumed full control. In Baltimore 
a provost-marshal was appointed, and the commissioners of 
police were seized and imprisoned. They were first imprisoned 
in Fort Lafayette, New York, and afterward in Fort Warren, 
Boston harbor. In their case, as in that of Mr. Merryman, the 
writ of Jiabeas corpus was disobeyed by the military authorities. 
The legislature protested against these things, and adjourned to 
meet in September. Before that time the members from Balti- 
more county and Baltimore city, together with the mayor of 
Baltimore city, were arrested by order of the secretary of war 
and sent to Fort Warren. There they were kept in confine- 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



175 



ment for more than a year, without any public charge being 
preferred against them. All suspected persons were arrested. 
Some took advantage of the occasion to denounce their personal 
enemies, and both men and women were seized and imprisoned 
without any chance to defend themselves. Judge Carmichael, 
of Queen Anne's county, was arrested while presiding over 
court, dragged from the bench by soldiers, and severely 
wounded. 

Some of these acts were doubtless necessary for the protec- 
tion of Federal interests, while others were simply abuses of 
power. But all alike will serve to show 
the misfortunes that are sure to follow 
war and the rule of force, and their 
lesson to us is that every possible ef- 
fort should be made to adjust difficul- 
ties in a peaceable, orderly, and lawful 
manner before resorting to any kind 
of violence. It is for us to regret such 
things in the past, and to prevent them 
in the future. 

109. Maryland Troops in the War ; 
Invasions of the State. — Thousands of 
Maryland men fought on both sides 
during the war, and their record fully 
sustained the reputation of Maryland 
soldiers. When the president issued 
his call for volunteers, there was a prompt response in Mary- 
land, and the troops so raised were formed into a regiment 
under Colonel John R. Kenly. By the close of the war nearly 
fifty thousand men of Maryland had served in the Federal 
armies. These, however, were not all serving voluntarily. Vol- 
unteers came forward too slowly for the Federal government, 




John R. Kenly 

From a photograph in the rooms 
of the Grand Army Club of 
Maryland 



1/6 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



and after a time a conscription, or draft, was resorted to : that 
is, men were forcibly put into the army. Throughout the war 
the Maryland soldiers acquitted themselves creditably. 

Those who fought under the banner of the South were of 
course volunteers, and in most cases it was an undertaking of 

great difficulty and danger for them to 
reach the Southern lines. Notwith- 
standing this fact many thousands of 
Marylanders did join the armies of the 
South and fought with courage and de- 
votion throughout the war. Most of 
these soldiers fought with the forces 
of other states, and so left no record 
iL \^ ©v* I as an organization, but a small com- 

T^ ^ Q j J mand was organized, including infantry, 

cavalry, and artillery ; this was called the 
Maryland Line, and was under the com- 
mand of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson. 
The Maryland troops under Colonel 
Johnson were with General " Stonewall" 
Jackson in his remarkably brilliant cam- 
paign in the Shenandoah valley, and served with distinction. 

At Front Royal, on the Shenandoah, the Maryland regiments 
of Colonels Johnson and Kenly met on the field of battle. The 
most determined bravery was shown by both sides, but the 
victory was with the Confederates, and Kenly and his men 
were finally defeated and captured. When the prisoners were 
standing in line next morning friends and relatives recognized 
each other, and greetings and hand-shakings were exchanged 
between those who a few hours before had been seeking each 
other's lives. Such occurrences are not extraordinary in civil 
war. 




Biadley T. Johnson 

From a photograph in the Mary- 
land Line Confederate Sol- 
diers' Home 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



177 



In September, 1S62, the Confederate general, Lee, invaded 
Maryland and occupied Frederick. There he issued an address, 
inviting the people of Maryland to enroll themselves under the 
standard of the Confederacy. But few responded, for the sen- 
timent of the people in the west of the state was largely in 
favor of the North, 
while many who 
would willingly have 
given sympathy or 
aid were restrained by 
considerations of pru- 
dence. Lee was at- 
tacked by the Union 
army under General 
McClellan at South 
Mountain, and de- 
feated. On the 17th 
of September the ar- 
mies of Lee and Mc- 
Clellan met on the 
field of Antietam, and 
in the terrible battle 
that followed more 
than twenty-five thou- 
sand men were killed 
and wounded. Although the Confederates were outnumbered 
two to one, Lee managed to hold his ground, and on the next 
night withdrew his army into Virginia. 

In June, 1863, ^General Leeagajn entered Maryland. Private 
property was respected, but the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 
being in the service of the Federal government, was destroyed 
from Harper's Ferry to Cumberland. Lee was defeated at 




1/8 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




Gettysburg, in Pennsylva- 
nia, and again retreated 
into Virginia. During the 
great battle of Gettysburg, 
which lasted three days, the 
Confederate regiment of 
Marylanders under Colonel 
James R. Herbert made a 
splendid charge, in which 
three men out of five were 
killed or wounded. 

Maryland was again in- 
vaded in 1864, by General 
Early. The Federal gen- 
eral. Lew Wallace, was de- 
feated on the Monocacy 
river, near Frederick, and 
the citizens of Frederick and 
Hagerstown were obHged to 
raise large sums of money 
to prevent the destruction 
of the towns. General Early 
threatened Baltimore and 
Washington, and had hopes 
of taking the latter ; but 
finding it too strong for him 
to attack, he crossed the Po- 
tomac again into Virginia. 

On April 9, 1865, General 
Lee surrendered to Gen- 
eral Grant, and in another 
month the war was over. 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR 



79 



110. Maryland Aids the Stricken South. — At the close of the 
war the Southern people were left in a fearful condition. 
Nearly every industry had been 
paralyzed, the destruction of prop- 
erty had been immense, and thou- 
sands of widows and orphans were 
nearly destitute. This condition 
aroused the greatest compassion 
in the hearts of the people of 
Maryland. A " Southern Relief 
Association " was formed by the 
women of Baltimore, who opened 
a fair in 1866. From this fair the 
proceeds were more than ^160,- 
000, and this sum was distributed 
to the Southern states. Mr. George 
Peabody, whose services to the 
state have already been mentioned 
(see Sec. 96), gave ^2,000,000 for 
the purpose of founding and 
maintaining schools in the South. 

In January, 1867, $100,000 was appropriated by the General 
Assembly of Maryland for the relief of the destitute people of 
the South. 




Monument to Maryland Dead at 

Antietam 

From a photograph 



100. 



101 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 
Introduction. 

Explain the peculiar horrors of civil war. 
What is the proper attitude toward the American Civil War? 
Negro Slavery. 

Explain why the institution of slavery was abolished in the North but 
retained in the South. 
102. The Maryland Colonization Society. 

Southern sentiment against slavery ; the efforts of Maryland in behalf 
of the negroes. 



l80 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The Maryland State Colonization Society. 
(a) When was it formed? 
(d) What was its object? 

(c) How did its members think this could best be accomplished? 

(d) What aid did the Society obtain? 

(e) With what success did it meet? 

103. The Controversy over Slavery between the North and South. 

Rise of the Abolitionists ; their opinion about slavery. 

Effect on the South. 

Connection of territorial expansion with the slavery question. 

Formation of the Republican party; its principles. 

The election of Abraham Lincoln and its effects. 

104. States' Rights ; Secession of Southern States. 

What differences of opinion existed about the rights of states? 
What states exercised the right of secession that was claimed? 
What new government was formed ? 
With what results? 

105. The Position of Maryland. 

Explain the peculiar difificulty of Maryland's position. 
State the wide differences of opinion that prevailed. ~ 
Which side did Maryland take in the contest, and why? 

106. The War for the Union. 

Describe the beginning and general character of the Civil War. 
Who were the commanding generals on each side? 
How did the war result? 

107. First Bloodshed of the War. 

Attack on the Sixth Massachusetts regiment in Baltimore city. 

Destruction of bridges. 

The order of the president of the United States. 

108. Maryland Occupied by Federal Troops ; Acts of Oppression. 

The military authorities assume control. 

Arrest of Mr. John Merryman and suspension of the writ of habeas 

corpus. 
The opinion of Chief Justice Taney of the United States Supreme 

Court. 
Protest of the Maryland Legislature. 

Imprisonment of the commissioners of police for Baltimore city. 
Arrest of the members of the Assembly from Baltimore city and 

county, and of the mayor of Baltimore city. 
Arrest of Judge Carmichael. 
The lesson that these acts teach. 



SLAVERY AND THE CIVIL WAR l8l 

109. Maryland Troops in the War ; Invasions of the State. 

Give an account of the services of Maryland troops on both sides in 

the Civil War. 
Describe the successive invasions of the state by the armies of the 

Confederacy. 
When and how did the war come to an end? 

110. Maryland Aids the Stricken South. 

The terrible condition of the South at the close of the war. 
Sympathy of Maryland. 

(a) The Southern Relief Society ; $160,000 raised. 

(I?) Contribution of George Peabody. 

(c) The General Assembly appropriates $100,000. 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. What invention tended strongly to promote the growth of slavery ? Explain 

how. Was the idea of the Colonization Society about the abolition of 
slavery a good one ? Give reasons for your answer. 

2. In what way would it have been a positive disadvantage to the Confederacy 

if Maryland had seceded? In what way would it have been a great 
advantage? Comparing the two, was it better for the Confederacy that 
Maryland did not secede ? 

3. What was the capital of the Confederacy? Why was this city difficult for 

a Northern army to capture? 

4. What provision does the Constitution of the United States make about the 

writ of habeas corpus ? What provision does the Constitution of Mary- 
land make in regard to it? (See Const., Art. Ill, Sec. 55.) Explain 
how an innocent person could be imprisoned indefinitely if it were not 
for this writ. 

REFERENCES 

For a more complete account of slavery and the Civil War, see Elson's History 
of the United States, pp. 539-776, or any standard history of the United States. See 
also Latrobe's Maryland in Liberia, Fund Publication No. 21 of the Maryland 
Historical Society ; Harris' Reminiscences of April, 1861, No. 31 of ditto ; Golds- 
borough's Maryland Line, C.S\a.; Brackett's The Negro in Maryland, Johns 
Hopkins University Studies, Extra Volume. Browne's Maryland, pp. 345-362. 
James' revision of McSherry's History of Maryland, pp. 338-396. 



CHAPTER VI 



FROM THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



This period of the history of our state has been characterized 
by steady growth and prosperity. It began with the formation 

of our present system of state 
government, and throughout has 
been marked by the completion 
of many noble and important 
works of public improvement, and 
by the development and estab- 
lishment of our present institu- 
tions and mode of life. We have 
now to observe the leading facts 
connected with these important 
events. 

111. Gifts of George Peabody. 
— The valuable services rendered 
the state by George Peabody have 
already come under our notice 
(see Sec. 96), and also his gen- 
erous gift to the suffering South. 
At this point Mr. Peabody again appears as a public benefactor. 
The Peabody Institute of Baltimore, endowed by this unselfish 
and public-spirited gentleman, was dedicated in 1866. Provision 
was made for a free library, a gallery of art, courses of lectures, 
and a school of music. To the Maryland Historical Society, 
also, Mr. Peabody contributed generously, and he gave many 

182 




George Pealjody 

F>om a painting in tlie gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 183 

other large sums for the diffusion of knowledge and the reHef 
of the poor and distressed. 

Though not a native of Maryland, Mr. Peabody spent some 
years of his life here, where he laid the foundation of the great 




Peabody Institute 
From a photograph 

fortune that he accumulated. He estabhshed himself in London 
in 1837, b^^t he always remained a patriotic American, and 
always retained a warm affection for his adopted state. 

112. Formation of the Present State Government. — In 1864, 
the war not yet being over, a new state Constitution was adopted, 
which abolished slavery. This Constitution prescribed an oath 
to be taken by all voters, thus deciding who should vote on its 
adoption and who should not ; and it further provided that the 
vote of the soldiers absent in the Union armies should be taken 
in their camps. In both cases it made itself operative before 
it had legal existence, which, of course, it could have only after 
being adopted by the people, since it was submitted to them for 
ratification. Even then it was believed that the Constitution 



1 84 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

was defeated, when the soldiers' vote was brought m and it was 
found to have been adopted by a very small majority. 

When the war was over and the military authorities were re- 
moved, it was natural, under these circumstances, that a-strong 
desire for a new Constitution should exist and make itself felt. 
A convention was accordingly called in 1867 for the purpose of 
making a new Constitution. It framed the government under 
which we now live, and this was adopted at an election held 
September 18, 1867, by a majority of twenty-four thousand. 

The Constitution is composed of two parts. The first, called 
the Declaration of Rights, consists of forty-five articles. It is a 
statement of the general rights which the people of the state 
consider of special importance to their freedom. It is declared 
that the people have the right " to alter, reform or abolish their 
form of government in such manner as they may deem expe- 
dient." It asserts the right of every person to worship God as 
he pleases, and to freedom of speech, and declares that no one 
must be deprived of his liberty, Hfe, or property except by 
"the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land." The 
Constitution of the United States, and the laws enacted under 
its provisions, are made the supreme law of the state ; but it is 
declared that all powers not delegated to the United States, nor 
prohibited to the states, are reserved to Maryland. 

The second part of the Constitution is the Form of Govern- 
ment. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, 
composed of two Houses, the Senate and the House of Dele- 
gates. In the former, each county is represented by one mem- 
ber, and the city of Baltimore by three ; ^ in the latter each 
county is represented according to its population, Baltimore 

1 A recent amendment to the Constitution divides Baltimore city into four legislative 
districts, giving the city four senators and four times as many delegates as the most 
populous county. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 185 



sendirf'g three times as many delegates as the most populous 
county. The Assembly meets biennially on the first Wednesday 
of January. If he deems it necessary, the governor may call 
the legislature together in special session. The chief executive 
power is vested in a governor ; he is elected by the people for 
four years and receives a salary of ^4,500 a year. To the gov- 
ernor is given the appointment of many important officials, and 
he has the power to 
appoint all officials 
whose appointment is 
not otherwise provided 
for in the Constitution 
or by law. In most 
cases the appointments 
are made by and with 
the advice and consent 
of the Senate. There 
is a secretary of state, 
appointed by the gov- 
ernor, to keep a record 
of official acts and pro- 
ceedings, and to have 
the custody of the Great 




H^^^^^^iliiiii^i^ . 



^i^mmm mmmmiA-im&m:- 



p^>n ; ^ ?^W^V^^JJfmmS^ 



The City Hall, Baltimore 
From a photograph 



Seal. An attorney-general and a comptroller of the treasury 
are elected by the people ; the former to represent and advise 
the state in all legal matters, and the latter to manage the money 
affairs of the state. A treasurer is elected by the General Assem- 
bly. For the administration of justice the state is divided into 
eight districts, called circuits. Baltimore, which composes the 
eighth circuit, has a separate system of courts. In each of the 
other circuits three judges are elected, — a chief and two asso- 
ciates. The chief judges of these circuits, together with a 



1 86 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

special judge from Baltimore city, form the Court of Appeals, 
the highest court of the state. 

The Constitution provided that every white male citizen of 
twenty-one years should have the right to vote, but the word 
'* white " was rendered of no effect by the fifteenth amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States, which extends the right 
of suffrage to negroes. The legislature of Maryland rejected 
this amendment by a unanimous vote, but it received the ap- 
proval of the necessary number of states and so was adopted. 

113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded. — In July, 1868, a terri- 
ble flood occurred in the valley of the Patapsco river. Sudden 
and heavy rainfall caused a great rise of the waters of the 
stream, and soon houses, trees, and debris of all kinds were 
hurried along with the current. For several miles above EUicott 
City the river flows between steep hills, and here the water 
acquired frightful beight and velocity. When it reached the 
town, the water swept everything before it, — stores, dwelling- 
houses, bridges, and everything within reach of its deadly grasp. 
The rise of the waters was so rapid as to prevent the escape 
of many persons from its power, and thirty-nine lives were lost. 
The lower parts of Baltimore were flooded also, resulting in 
considerable loss of property. 

Another destructive flood occurred in May, 1889, other parts 
of the country suffering at the same time. 

114. Public Buildings of Baltimore. — In 1875 a new City 
Hall was completed in Baltimore which is among the finest 
buildings of the kind in the United States. The structure 
covers an area of over thirty thousand square feet. The white 
marble used in its construction was quarried in Baltimore county, 
Maryland. Near the City Hall is another large and handsome 
building, the Postoffice, completed in 1890 by the government 
of the United States. It is built of granite. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 187 

Baltimore has recently added to her pubHc buildings a beauti- 
ful new Courthouse, a veritable palace of justice. At the front 
of the building are eight large monolithic columns, representing 
a cost of ;^5,200. They were furnished from the quarries at 
Cockeysville, Baltimore county, Maryland. The granite of the 




The Courthouse and Battle Monument, Baltimore 
From a photograph 

basement was also quarried in Maryland. The interior of the 
building is beautifully finished in hardwood and marble, and at 
the main entrance are two bronze doors. This fine structure is 
fireproof throughout, and contains 218 rooms, 8500 electric 
lights operated by its own plant, and four electric passenger 
elevators. The building was begun in 1895 and occupied 
January 8, 1900. 



i88 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



115. Johns Hopkins University and HospitaL — In 1876 the 
Johns Hopkins University was opened. Johns Hopkins was 
a wealthy citizen of Baltimore who, dying in 1873, left an 
estate of about $7,000,000 for the purpose of founding a univer- 
sity and a hospital. Dr. Daniel C. Oilman, president of the 

University of Califor- 
nia, was appointed 
president ; he resigned 
in 1 90 1 and was suc- 
ceeded by Dr. Ira 
Remsen. Since its or- 
ganization^ under the 
gifts of Johns Hopkins, 
other public -spirited 
citizens of Baltimore 
have contributed sev- 
eral million dollars to 
the institution. The 
University has enjoyed 
the services of many 
learned and devoted 
men, not a few of whom 
are world famous. The 
Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity has come to be 
one of the leading uni- 
versities of America, and is highly respected abroad, while its 
influence for good in Baltimore and Maryland can scarcely be 
overestimated. 

The Johns Hopkins Hospital was opened in 1889, and occupies 
an elevated site in the eastern part of Baltimore city. Its mag- 
nificent buildings occupy four squares, and cover about fourteen 




McCoy Hall, Johns Hopkins University 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 189 




Jcihns Hopkins Hospital 
From a photograph 

acres. This hospital is considered one of the finest institutions 
of the kind in the world. Connected with it is a school for 
nurses. 

116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe. — On the 17th of No- 
vember, 1875, a monument was erected to the memory of the 
Maryland poet, Edgar Allan Poe. The monument was erected 
over the poet's grave in Westminster churchyard, corner of 
Fayette and Greene streets, Baltimore. Poe was born in 1809 
in Boston, where his parents happened to be at that time. His 
father was a Baltimorean of good family, who married an 
actress, and the parents were fulfilhng a theatrical engagement 
in Boston at the time of the poet's birth. Poe died in Baltimore 
in 1849. The monument was erected to his memory by the 
teachers and pupils of the public schools of Baltimore. Tributes 
from a number of American authors and a letter from Lord 
Tennyson, the poet-laureate of England, were read in the West- 
ern Female High School, adjoining the churchyard. 



190 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 




Poe's writings embrace poems, tales, essays, and criticisms. 
He possessed a brilliant, subtle, and keenly analytic intellect, 

and a poetic imagination of un- 
usual power. His poetry is char- 
acterized by exquisite melody and 
a haunting, melancholy beauty ; 
his short stories, among the great- 
est in the world's literature, deal 
with mystery, terror, horror, and 
the supernatural with unequalled 
skill and power. The Mary- 
land poet takes very high rank 
among American authors, and by 
most foreign readers and critics 
is regarded as the most original 
genius that America has pro- 
duced. 

117. Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — In 1877 the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company found it necessary to 
reduce expenses, and accordingly reduced the salaries of all 
employees, believing that this would cause less suffering than the 
discharge of a number of men who were not needed. A large 
number of the trainmen thereupon refused to work for the 
reduced wages, and when the company employed other men to 
perform their duties, the strikers interfered forcibly to prevent 
it. Trains were stopped at several points along the line of the 
road, and in Baltimore thousands of rough and disorderly persons 
collected, many of whom had no connection with the railroad 
company. 

The rioters assumed so threatening an attitude that it was 
found necessary to call out the militia, and bloodshed followed. 
The troops were attacked in Baltimore, and the Sixth regiment, 



The Poe Monument, Baltimore 
From a photograph 




Edgar Allan Poe 
From a daguerreotype 



ig: 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



in forcing its way through the streets, was obHged to fire re- 
peatedly upon the crowd, while the Fifth regiment charged into 
Camden station at the point of the bayonet. Camden station and 
other property was set on fire, causing heavy losses. The govern- 
ors of Maryland and West Virginia asked the president to send 
United States troops to the scenes of disorder. The rioters were 
after a time subdued. The strike extended to other railroads, 
but less destruction of property occurred in Maryland than in 

other states, owing to 
the prompt and efficient 
services of the state 
militia and the poHce of 
Baltimore. 

118. The Enoch Pratt 
Free Library. — In 1882 
Enoch Pratt, a wealthy 
merchant of Baltimore, 
laid before the mayor 
and city council his 
plans for the founding 
of a pubHc library. The 
necessary arrangements 
having been made, Mr. 
Pratt gave more than a 
million dollars for this 
purpose. A handsome 
library building was 
erected on Mulberry 
street, near Cathedral, and there are now seven branch libraries 
in various parts of the city. The library was opened in 1886, 
under the direction of Dr. Lewis H. Steiner, who died in 1892, 
and was succeeded by his son. Dr. Bernard C. Steiner. This 




The Enoch Pratt Free Library, Central Buil ling 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 193 

valuable gift of Mr. Pratt is called the Enoch Pratt Free Library. 
The institution has circulated a vast number of books and has 
been a source of pleasure and profit to thousands. 

119. The First Electric Railroad. — " It was in Baltimore 
that the first electric railroad operated in America for actual 
commercial service was constructed and run successfully." This 
was accomplished in August, 1885, the cars making a speed of 
about twelve miles an hour. 

Thus Baltimore, which took the lead with the steam locomo- 
tive, constructed the first successful electric line, and was the 
scene of the first practical use of the electric telegraph. 

120. The Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore. — In Sep- 
tember, 1889, six days were devoted to a celebration of the sev- 
enty-fifth anniversary of the defense of Baltimore against the 
attack of the British in 18 14, the memorable occasion that in- 
spired the " Star-spangled Banner." The exercises began on 
September 9 with a great industrial display, showing the progress 
of the city in manufacturing. On the 1 2th a sham battle took place 
at Pimlico to illustrate the battle of North Point. The battle was 
well planned and admirably executed. On the night of Septem- 
ber 13 there was a grand representation of the bombardment 
of Fort McHenry ; the weather was unfortunately rainy, but the 
affair was observed by more than a hundred thousand persons. 
During the celebration many distinguished persons visited the 
city, including the president and vice-president of the United 
States, with members of the cabinet, the governors of Maryland 
and Delaware, many army officers, and other persons of note. 

121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders. — To her 
many distinguished citizens Maryland has from time to time 
erected suitable monuments. Baltimore's popular name, the 
Monumental City, has already been mentioned in connection 
with the erection of the noble monument to Washington, and 



194 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the Battle Monument. Since that time a large number of similar 
testimonials have been raised ; among others, one to the memory- 
of Colonel Armistead, who commanded Fort McHenry in 1814/ 
during the attack of the British army and fleet on the city. 

On the site of the ancient city of St. Mary's a monument was 
raised in 1891 to the memory of Leonard Calvert, first governor 
of Maryland. The ceremony of unveiling was performed on 
the 3rd of June, and many persons of prominence were in 
attendance. The oration was delivered by William Pinkney. 
Whyte, attorney-general of the state. This simple granite shaft, 
thirty-six feet high, suitably inscribed, and bearing the coat of 
arms of Maryland, marks the spot where the Ark and the Dove 
landed the first settlers of Maryland, nearly three hundred years 
ago. It is a tribute fully deserved, and the following lines, 
inscribed on the monument, are but a just statement of Leonard 
Calvert's services to Maryland in her infant days : — 

By his Wisdom, Justice and Fidelity, he 

Fostered the Infancy of the Colony, 

Guided it Through Great Perils, 

And, Dying, Left it at Peace. 

Three days later a granite monument, eleven feet high and 
bearing upon its face crossed Confederate flags, was unveiled at 
Loudon Park cemetery, Baltimore. This monument was raised 
to the memory of General James R. Herbert, a Maryland officer 
who fought with distinction in the Confederate army during the 
Civil War (see Sec. 109). 

In 1892 a modest cube of Maryland granite was unveiled on 
the battle-field at Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, in mem- 
ory of the soldiers of the Maryland Line. The great services of 
Maryland troops, and the splendid charge they made at Guilford 
Courthouse, have already been described (see Sec. 74). 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 195 

In the history of the Revokition, the heroic sacrifice of four 
hundred Maryland soldiers at the battle of Long Island has also 
been described (see Sec. 68). Here, near the spot where the 
brave men under Major Gist laid down their lives for their com- 
rades, a monuQient has been dedicated to their memory by the 
Maryland Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. 
The ceremony took place in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, on Au- 
gust 27, 1895, the one hundred and nineteenth anniversary of 
the battle. The monument, twenty-seven feet high, consists of a 
beautiful column of highly polished Tennessee marble, resting 
upon a block of polished granite. It contains the following 
inscription, in raised letters of bronze : — 

In Honor of 

Maryland's Four Hundred, 

W^ho on this Battle-field, 

August 27, 1776, 

Saved the American Army. 

The same Society (Maryland Society of the Sons of the 
American Revolution) erected in 1898 a modest monument to 
the memory of General William Smallwood, the Revolutionary 
soldier and governor of Maryland. It is a plain granite block, 
five feet in height and suitably inscribed, upon his grave in 
Charles county. 

In 1898 (August 9) a bronze statue, nine feet high, was 
unveiled at Mt. Olivet cemetery, Frederick, to the memory of 
Francis Scott Key (see Sec. 90). In its granite base rest the 
remains of the author of the " Star-spangled Banner," with 
those of his wife. 

One of the most notable achievements in this direction was 
the erection in Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore, of a beautiful 
monument to all Marylanders who aided the cause of freedom 





The Maryland Revolutionary Monument, Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 197 

in the Revolutionary War. The monument is sixty feet six 
inches in height, the shaft is of Baltimore county granite and 
surmounted by a statue of the Goddess of Liberty, and the 
pedestal is suitably inscribed. The monument was erected 
through the efforts of the Maryland Society of the Sons of the 
American Revolution. The state and Baltimore city each con- 
tributed, but the attempt to obtain an appropriation from Con- 
gress failed, owing to the opposition of two successive Speakers 
of the House. The unveiling took place on October 19, 1901 . 
(Peggy Stewart day). After an invocation by the Reverend 
Henry Branch, D.D., and addresses by Mr. Alfred Duncan 
Bernard, historian of the society, and Colonel WiUiam Ridgely 
Griffith, chairman of the committee, the monument was formally 
transferred to the city by the Honorable Edwin Warfield, presi- 
dent of the society. 

On January 16, 1904, a splendid equestrian statue of John 
Eager Howard, brilliant soldier and governor of Maryland, was 
unveiled on Washington Place, Baltimore. Governor Warfield, 
Mayor M'Lane, many distinguished persons, and a large assem- 
blage of citizens were present. The statue, which was the 
work of Emmanuel Fremiet, the leading sculptor of France, was 
presented to the city by the Municipal Art Society. 

122. The Spanish- American War. — In April, 1898, Congress 
declared war against Spain. The war grew out of the cruel 
oppression of Cuba by Spain and the destruction of the United 
States battleship Maine in Havana harbor. Maryland, as usual, 
can claim a fair share of the honors in the war, which soon 
ended in complete victory for the United States. 

The Pacific squadron of the United States, under Commo- 
dore Dewey, attacked and destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila 
bay on May i, without the loss of a man. In the second 
assault, the cruiser Baltimore led the line of battle, and per- 



198 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

formed gallant service. Her commander, Captain Dyer, was 
voted a sword of honor by the city whose namesake he so ably 
commanded. Lieutenant Commander John D. Ford (now Rear 
Admiral) of Baltimore was chief engineer of the Baltimore y and 
shortly after the battle became fleet engineer. 




The Cruiser Baltimore 
From a photograph 

The battle of July 3d was fought off the southern coast 
of Cuba. The Spanish fleet, blockaded in the harbor of 
Santiago by the American fleet, attempted to escape, and was 
totally destroyed. Acting Rear Admiral Sampson was com- 
mander-in-chief of the American fleet, and the officer second 
in command was Commodore Winfield Scott Schley of Mary- 
land ; the commander-in-chief was absent when the battle 
occurred. The American ships were ably handled and won 
a brilliant victory. 

Admiral Sampson had left the station of the blockading fleet 
for the purpose of holding a conference, and was less than ten 
miles away when the battle opened. He had gone to the eastward, 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 199 



and the Spaniards made their running fight to the westward. 
Sampson followed in his flagship, New York, with all speed, 
and arrived at the conclusion of the battle. These peculiar 
circumstances led to an unfortunate controversy as to who had 
been in command at Santiago and who deserved the credit for 
the victory. Commodore Schley wrote that the victory was large 
enough for all, and for a long while remained silent. The matter 
grew more and more serious : the navy department plainly favored 
the cause of Sampson, while the great majority of the public 
press favored Schley ; the latter's friends declared that a control- 
ing clique in the navy depart- 
ment was persecuting Schley, 
while Sampson's friends began 
to criticise Schley's conduct 
throughout the war. Finally, 
a history of our navy, written 
by E. S. Maclay, and to be 
used as a text-book in the Na- 
val Academy, spoke of Schley 
as a ''caitiff" and "coward," 
and the book was said to have 
the approval of the navy depart- 
ment. Great excitement fol- 
lowed this, and Admiral Schley 
asked for a Court of Inquiry 
to investigate his conduct dur- 
ing the war with Spain. The 
court met in Washington in 

September, 1901, and was composed of Admiral Dewey and 
Rear Admirals Ramsay and Benham ; Captain Samuel C. 
Lemly was judge-advocate. The case for Admiral Schley was 
brilliantly conducted by Attorney-General Isidor Rayner of 




Winfield Scott Schley 
From a photograph 

stereograph copyright by Underwood & Underwood, 
New York 



200 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Maryland.^ The decision was awaited with the greatest interest. 
Admirals Ramsay and Benham condemned Schley on every 
possible point except that of cowardice ; Admiral Dewey, presi- 
dent of the Court, dissented, and gave an opinion favorable to 
Schley on the important points, and declared him to have been 
in command at Santiago. The secretary of the navy approved 
the findings of the majority of the Court. 

As a last resort for obtaining official vindication, Admiral 
Schley appealed to President Roosevelt, as commander-in-chief 
of the navy. The president's decision was on the whole unfav- 
orable to Schley. According to the president, nobody in particu- 
lar was in command at Santiago ; '* it was a captains' fight." 

Popular sympathy, on the other hand, has shown itself unmis- 
takably with Admiral Schley. He has received enthusiastic 
welcome in the various parts of the country he has visited, and 
public and private gifts ; several state legislatures have passed 
resolutions declaring him the hero of Santiago, and the Maryland 
legislature, in 1902, appropriated ^3000 for his life-size bust to 
be placed in the State House. 

The Maryland Naval Militia had an exciting cruise in the fine 
auxiliary cruiser Dixie, and rendered important service in the 
waters of the West Indies. The Dixie bombarded several forts 
and destroyed other property of the enemy, captured a number 
of vessels, and received the surrender of Port Ponce, Porto Rico. 
Two regiments of the state militia (National Guard) were mus- 
tered into the service of the United States, but took no active 
part in the war. 

One of the notable exploits of the war was the wonderful voy- 
age of the United States battleship Oregon from San Francisco, 

1 The Hon. Jeremiah M. Wilson of Washington, who was selected as counsel-in-chief, 
died shortly after the trial began. Mr. Rayner was assisted by Captain James Parker of 
New Jersey. In 1904 Mr. Rayner was elected United States senator from Maryland. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 201 

California, to Key West, Florida. She made the trip of 13,587 
miles in sixty-six days. The Oregon was built by Irving M. 
Scott, a native of Baltimore county, Maryland. 




The Cruiser Maryland 
From a drawing furnished by the Navy Department, Washington 

123. Politics and Elections. — At the present time there are 
two great political parties in the United States, — the Democratic 
and the Republican. To make clear the principles and doctrines 
of these great parties would require much explanation, and they 
do not belong particularly to our state history. 

Chapter V contains an account of politics in Maryland during 
the Civil War. After the close of the war the Democrats were 
found to be greatly in the majority, and they won in the state 
elections for many years. In 1895 Lloyd Lowndes, the Repub- 
Ucan candidate for governor, was elected, it being charged that 
there was serious corruption among Democrats in power. At the 
presidential election' of 1896 the state again went Republican. 
This party continued to win until 1899, when John Walter Smith, 
the Democratic candidate, was elected governor by a majority 
over Lowndes of 12,000. In the presidential election of 1900 
the state again went Repubhcan, by nearly 14,000. In 1901 the 
Democrats elected a small majority to the legislature, and the 



202 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



comptroller of the treasury by a very small majority (121) over 
the Republican candidate; while the Republicans elected the 
clerk of the Court of Appeals, by a majority over the Democratic 
candidate of 1,386. In the Congressional elections of 1902 the 
state went Republican by a plurality of 7,445. In 1903 Edwin 

Warfield, the Democratic candidate, 
was elected governor by a majority 
over his Republican opponent of 
12,625. These facts show that we 
have a large number of independent 
voters — men who will not vote reg- 
ularly with a party, but each time 
decide what candidates and meas- 
ures should be supported for the 
best interests of the state. 

In early times men voted viva 
voce, or by the " living voice." This 
caused so much trouble that in 1802 
a law was passed in Maryland to 
compel voting to be done by ballot ; 
that is, on a written or printed slip 
of paper. In 1890 the state adopted 
a plan known as the Australian bal- 
lot, by which voting might be en- 
tirely secret, and in 1896 a law was 
passed to throw additional safeguards about voting. The state 
prints all the ballots. In March, 1901, the General Assembly, 
being in special session, ^ passed a new election law. This pro- 
vides for a ballot, prepared by the authorities, on which the 
names of the candidates are printed in alphabetical order. No 

1 At the same session a state census was ordered, it being discovered that there had been, 
frauds in connection with the national census of 1900. 




Edwin Warfield 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 203 



symbols or party emblems of any kind are allowed. This has 
the effect of preventing persons who cannot read from voting, 
or at least of making it very difficult for them to do so. 

124. Industries. — Though Maryland is no longer a purely 
agricultural community, the cultivation of the soil continues to 
be a leading industry. 
In the west of the 
state excellent crops of 
wheat, corn, and grass 
are raised, and many 
cattle are fattened for 
market. On the moun- 
tain slopes are raised 
peaches of the finest 
quality, grapes, and 
pears. Wheat, corn, 
and grass are raised in 
northern and central 
Maryland, while there 
is much market garden- 
ing, and there are im- 
portant dairy products. 
Southern Maryland is 
largely devoted to truck 
farming and fruit rais- 
ing ; tobacco has lost 
its old-time importance but is still cultivated. On the Eastern 
Shore wheat, corn, fruits, tobacco, and vegetables are extensively 
raised. 

The most valuable mineral product of Maryland is soft coal, 
of which great quantities are found west of Cumberland. No 
coal of the kind in the United States is superior in quality. 




A Coal Mine, Allegany County 
From a photograph 



204 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

The mining of iron was once an important industry, but the 
discovery of a better quality of iron in other parts of the coun- 
try has nearly destroyed it. The same is true of copper. Ex- 
cellent red sandstone is found in Montgomery and Frederick 
counties; roofing slate in Harford; marble in Baltimore, Car- 
roll, and Frederick; and a fine quality of granite in Baltimore, 
Harford, and Cecil counties. Nearly two hundred million 
bricks are made annually from Maryland clay. 









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Tonging for Oysters 
From a photograph 

Maryland gives employment to greater numbers in the work 
of catching and preparing the products of the water than any 
other state in the Union. Of these products the oyster is the 
most important, those of the Chesapeake region being the finest 
in the world. Vast quantities are consumed at home, and great 
numbers are canned and sent all over the world. For several 
years there has been an alarming decline in this industry, how- 
ever, and a strong and determined sentiment has sprung up for 
the passage of a law providing for scientific oyster culture. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 



205 



Crabs abound in practically unlimited numbers in the bay and 
its tributaries. The diamond-back terrapin is considered a great 
delicacy and brings 
high prices. The shad 
is the most important 
fish ; a means of arti- 
ficial cultivation was 
adopted in 1880, since 
which the supply has 
been enormously in- 
creased. Mackerel, 
herring, and other fish 
are taken in large 
numbers. 

Manufacturing is a 
very important indus- 
try of the state. Balti- 
more is one of the great 
manufacturing cities 
of the Union ; amonsf 




Oyster Packing 
From a photograph 



her largest industries are iron and steel, clothing, tobacco, and 
the canning of fruits and oysters. Baltimore is also the first city 
of the country in copper-refining, and the largest producer of 
cotton duck in the world. The great works at Sparrows Point 
for the manufacture of steel, and the construction of steel ves- 
sels are among the largest in the world. The city has many 
other important manufacturing industries that cannot here be 
mentioned. Cumberland, also, is an important manufacturing 
city, the chief products being glass, cement, iron and steel, 
bricks, lumber, and flour. Hagerstown, a handsome and pro- 
gressive city of Washington county, manufactures bicycles, 
flour, wagons, and agricultural implements. Frederick produces 



206 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 




Steel Industry, Sparrows Point 
From a photograph 

wagons, straw hats, brushes, canned fruits, and canned vege- 
tables. Large quantities of fertiUzer are manufactured in Balti- 
more and other cities of the state. 




Ship Building, Sparrows Point 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 20/ 




A Granite Quarry, Woodstock County 
From a photograph 

125. Commerce and Transportation. — The commercial center 
of Maryland is, of course, Baltimore, now one of the leading 
export cities of the United States. In grain trade it ranks sec- 
ond among Atlantic ports. Besides an enormous home trade 
Baltimore has a foreign trade worth considerably more than a 
hundred million dollars a year. Grain, flour, provisions, canned 
goods, cattle, tobacco, and copper are exported in large quanti- 
ties. The chief imports are coffee, fruits, iron ore, chemicals, 
and tin plate (used largely in the canning industry). Baltimore 
is connected with foreign countries by nearly twenty regular 
lines of steam vessels and many sailing craft, while many lines 
of steamers ply between the city and the ports of Maryland and 



208 



LEADING EVENTS OP^ MARYLAND HISTORY 



of other states. There are more than a score of railroad Imes in 
the state, controlled chiefly by the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany. The Baltimore and Ohio, whose small beginning we 
have studied (see Sec. 95), has developed wonderfully since its 
early days; the rude engine of Peter Cooper has been replaced by 
the huge modern locomotive, with its driving wheel of seventy- 
eight inches' diameter, hauling a train of ten cars at the rate of 

sixty miles an hour. 
The road connects Chi- 
cago and the Missis- 
sippi on the west with 
Philadelphia and New 
York on the east. 
Through trains pass 
under the city through 
the Belt Line tunnel, a 
mile and a half long, 
which is equipped with 
the most powerful elec- 
tric locomotives ever 
built. Recently the Bal- 
timore and Ohio passed 
into the control of the 




Mt. Royal Station, B. & O. R.R., Baltimore 
From a photograph 



Pennsylvania railroad, one of the largest systems in the world. 

Cumberland, an important railroad center and the western 
terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, is the commercial 
center of the western part of Maryland. Frederick and 
Hagerstown also are railroad centers of importance. Several 
lines of railroad traverse the Eastern Shore, which, with the 
numerous water routes of trade and travel, afford excellent 
commercial facilities. The Elk and Delaware rivers are con- 
nected by the Chesapeake and Delaware canal, thus opening 



2IO 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



a short and direct water route between Baltimore and Phila- 
delphia. 

126. Education : Public School System ; Colleges and Universi- 
ties^ — The lack of educational faciUties in Maryland in the 
colonial days has already been mentioned (see Sec. 66j, to- 
gether with the reasons 
for the condition that 
existed. Until 1694 
such schools as existed 
were private and the 
government did noth- 
ing for the cause of 
popular education. In 
that year Francis Nich- 
olson, who has been 
called the ''father of 
the public school sys- 
tem, of Maryland," be- 
came royal governor 
of the province. He 
founded King William's School at AnnapoHs (see Sec. 43), and 
he also managed to secure the passage of a law to establish 
schools in the other counties, although the establishment was not 
effected. In 1723 a system of county schools was estabhshed ; 
pupils of all grades of learning were received and prepared for 
college. For about a century these were the only public schools 
of Maryland. An attempt was made in 1825 to reform the sys- 
tem, but very little was actually accomplished. The Constitution 
of 1867 required the legislature to estabhsh an efficient system 
of pubhc schools, which was done as promptly as possible. 

Under the present organization there is a State Board of 
Education composed of the governor, six other persons ap- 




The Easton High School 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 211 



pointed by the governor, and the state superintendent of pubUc 
education, who is appointed by the governor and is secretary 
of the board. Each county is under the control of a Board 
of County School Commissioners appointed by the governor ; 
and each school is under the control of a Board of District 
Trustees appointed by the county board. The county board 
elects a person to be 
secretary, treasurer, 
and county superin- 
tendent. The General 
Assembly makes an 
appropriation for the 
purchase of free text- 
books in the schools. 
There are two State 
Normal Schools for 
the training of teach- 
ers, one located in Bal- 
timore and the other 
in Frostburg. The lat- 
ter was established in 
1902, the former in 
1866. 
The school system 

of Baltimore citv is in- ^^^ State Normal School, Baltimore 

dependent of that of From a photograph 

the state. It is controlled by a board of nine commissioners, 
appointed by the mayor of the city. There is a superintendent 
of public instruction, and there are two assistants. The Balti- 
more City College is a high school for boys ; it does not confer 
degrees, but its graduates are admitted to the Johns Hopkins 
University without examination. The Polytechnic Institute was 




212 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



the second institution of the kind estabUshed as a part of a public 
school system. Originally a manual training school, it is now 
a secondary technical school, which aims to teach mechanical 
processes, to develop manual skill in connection with the 
ordinary intellectual pursuits, and to prepare for advanced 
technical studies. There is no attempt to teach trades. The 
school is well equipped, and since 1899 the grade has been raised 
from elementary and secondary to secondary and collegiate. 

In 1902 the General Assembly passed a compulsory education 
act, applying only to Baltimore city and Allegany county, how- 
ever ; it requires all children between eight and twelve years of 
age to attend a day school, and also those between twelve and 
sixteen who are not lawfully employed at some form of labor. 
Children under twelve years of age may not be employed in any 
factory (except for canned goods) ; nor may children more than 

twelve but less than 
sixteen be so em- 
ployed unless they 
are able to read and 
write, or attend a 
night school (pro- 
vided a pubHc one is 
available). 

Of the higher in- 
stitutions of learning 
St. John's College at 
Annapolis, Western 
Maryland College at 
Westminster,^ and Washington College at Chestertown, receive 
state aid. They offer free scholarships in return. The Johns 
Hopkins University, an account of which has already been 

1 Methodist Protestant. 




The Woman's College, Baltimore 
From a photograph 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 213 

given, received considerable appropriations from the state in 
1898, 1900, 1902, and 1904. There are many other colleges 
throughout the state. The Maryland Agricultural College is 
situated in Prince George's county, eight miles from Washing- 
ton. This college also has received state aid. Besides these 
may be mentioned the Woman's College of Baltimore,^ Mt. St. 
Mary's College ^ at Emmittsburg (Frederick county), Loyola 
College 2 of Baltimore, Rock Hill College^ at EUicott City, and 
New Windsor College ^ in Carroll county. 

There are also several excellent professional schools. The 
Westminster Theological Seminary, near Western Maryland 
College, prepares ministers for the Methodist Protestant Church. 
For the training of priests for the Roman Catholic Church 
there are several prominent institutions : St. Mary's Seminary 
(Sulpician) of Baltimore, St. Charles College (Sulpician) near 
Ellicott City, Woodstock College (Jesuit) in Baltimore county, 
Ilchester College (Redemptorist Congregation) in Howard 
county. The University of Maryland, the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, the Baltimore Medical College, and other schools 
for the training of physicians are located in Baltimore, and the 
Johns Hopkins University has a school of medicine. There 
are several excellent law schools also. The Maryland Institute 
of Baltimore is an excellent school of art and design, which 
receives appropriations from the city and the state and grants 
free scholarships. 

Well worthy of mention, also, is the Jacob Tome Institute of 
Port Deposit, established in 1889 by Jacob Tome, a resident of 
the town. It has an endowment of several milhon dollars, the 
largest amount ever devoted to secondary education in the 
United States, and is admirably equipped. Tuition is free to 
students of Maryland. 

1 Methodist Episcopal. 2 Roman Catholic. s Presbyterian, 



214 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

127. Learned Societies. — The Maryland Historical Society was 
founded in 1844. Its objects are the collection and preservation 
of material relating to the history of the state, and the arousing 
of an interest in historical study. The Society owns and occupies 
the Athenaeum building on the corner of St. Paul and Saratoga 
streets, Baltimore. It has a very valuable library of about 45,000 
volumes, and a collection of manuscripts and historic rehcs of 
great interest and value. From the income of a publication fund 
left by George Peabody, thirty-seven historical and biographical 
works have been pubUshed. In 1884 the General Assembly 
made the Society the custodian of the archives of the province 
of Maryland, and has since that time made an annual appro- 
priation of $2000 for their pubUcation. Twenty-four volumes 
have thus been pubHshed under the supervision of the Society. 

The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland was in- 
corporated in 1799. Its purpose is to promote and disseminate 
medical knowledge, and it comprises in its membership some of 
the most distinguished physicians of the state. 

The Maryland Academy of Sciences was organized in 1863, 
and gathered a large collection of geological and natural history 
specimens, Indian relics, etc. The institution after some years 
transferred its specimens to the Johns Hopkins University, not 
having the funds to care for them properly. A few years ago 
Mr. Enoch Pratt presented the Society with a building, after 
which it was reorganized. 

In the autumn of 1902 the Geographical Society of Baltimore 
was organized, with Dr. Daniel C. Gilman as president. The 
Society is one in which men of science and men of business 
may meet on the common ground of effort for the advancement 
of the interest of their home city. 

128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries. — The State Library 
is in the State House at Annapolis. It contains about 50,000 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 215 

volumes, and is especially strong in law books. The Enoch Pratt 
Free Library of Baltimore has already been mentioned in this 
chapter; it contains, in the Central Library, about 135,000 
volumes. The Peabody Institute possesses a reference library of 
great value, numbering about 150,000 volumes. 

In 1902 the Maryland legislature passed an act enabling any 
county or municipality to establish a free public library and 
reading-room, and provided also for the appointment of a state 
commission to give advice and assistance in making the plan a 
success. 

Connected with the Peabody Institute is an art gallery contain- 
ing a choice collection of paintings, sculptures, and bronzes. 
Among them is the beautiful statue of Clytie, the masterpiece 
of the famous sculptor, Rinehart. The Maryland Historical 
Society also possesses a gallery of paintings, which is located 
on the second floor of the Athenaeum building, and is open to 
the public. In the home of Mr. Henry Walters on Mt. Vernon 
place, Baltimore, is probably the finest private art collection in 
the United States. The gallery is open certain days to the pub- 
lic, a small admission fee being charged and the proceeds given 
to the poor. 

129. The Baltimore Fire of February, 1904. — On the morn- 
ing of Sunday, February 7, 1904, a fire broke out in a large 
wholesale drygoods store on the corner of German and Sharp 
streets, Baltimore. An explosion, the cause of which is not 
certainly known, took place, setting fire to a number of sur- 
rounding buildings, and the high wind which was blowing at 
the time swept the flames rapidly to the east and north. The 
fire was soon utterly beyond control, and although engines and 
firemen were summoned from New York, Philadelphia, Wash- 
ington, and other cities, the progress of the flames could not 
be arrested. Not until five o'clock Monday afternoon, Febru- 



2l6 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



ary 8, was the fire pronounced under control, after having burned 
its way to the Basin and Jones Falls. The fire had extended over 
one hundred and forty acres, and had destroyed wholly or in part 
more than thirteen hundred buildings, including eighteen banks, 
all the great office buildings of so-called fireproof construction. 




Rebuilding in the Burned District, Baltimore 
From a photograph 

the great newspaper offices, and hundreds of important business 
houses. The very heart of the business section was laid in 
ashes, and only a timely change of wind and the heroic efforts 
of municipal officials and employes saved the splendid public 
buildings of the city from destruction. It was at once apparent 
that Baltimore had been visited by one of the great conflagra- 
tions of history. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 217 



The state militia was placed on guard while the fire was still 
raging, and rendered splendid service. The troops were, how- 
ever, under the authority of the police department; there was 
no disorder and no neces- 
sity for martial law. Offi- 
cials of the city and state 
at once instituted meas- 
ures of relief ; the city 
pluckily declined the 
countless offers of assist- 
ance that poured in on 
Mayor M'Lane, and set 
to work with a will to 
build what is spoken of 
as "Greater Baltimore." 
The General Assembly 
authorized the appoint- 
ment by the mayor of a 
Burnt District Commis- 
sion, to give its whole time 
to the problems growing 
out of the fire. Plans have 
been made for the widen- 
ing and grading of streets, 




Proposed Baltimore Stock Exchange 
From the architect's drawing 



and immensely increasing the dock facilities of the harbor. Pri- 
vate persons and corporations, with similar enterprise, set to 
work to build enlarged and improved business structures. Some 
large business firms were allowed the use of public buildings, 
and practically all secured temporary, and in some cases perma- 
nent, quarters promptly. Great as was the calamity that fell 
upon the city, there is every reason to beHeve that it will ulti- 
mately prove a great blessing. 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



TOPICS AND QUESTIONS 

111. Gifts of George Peabody. 

Founding of the Peabody Institute; its scope. Gift to the Maryland 
Historical Society. 

112. Formation of the Present State Government. 

Tell about the character and the adoption of the Constitution of 1864. 
When was our present Constitution framed ? 

What two parts has the Constitution, and what is the function of each ? 
Describe fully the organization of {a) the legislative department ; 

(d) the executive department ; (c) the judicial department. 
What provision did the Constitution make in regard to suiTrage ? 
What change was made in the effect of this provision by the fifteenth 

amendment to the Constitution of the United States ? 

113. Valley of the Patapsco Flooded. 

Loss of life and property at Ellicott City. 
Flood of 1889. 

114. Public Buildings of Baltimore. 

Describe the City Hall; the Postoffice ; the Courthouse. 

115. Johns Hopkins University and Hospital. 

The University: (a) the founder; (d) extent of his gift; (c) the 

presidents; (c/) rank of the institution. 
The Hospital : (a) location and extent ; (d) rank. 

116. Monument to Edgar Allan Poe. 

When and where was the monument erected, and by whom ? 
Give an account of the writings of Poe and his rank as an author. 

117. Strike on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

What was the cause of the strike ? 

What were the chief incidents and results ? 

118. The Enoch Pratt Free Library. 

The founder and his gift ; number of branches ; librarians. 

119. The First Electric Railroad. 

Name three great inventions in which Baltimore took the lead. 

120. Celebration of the Defense of Baltimore. 

Describe fully the celebration of the defense of the city. 

121. Monuments to Distinguished Marylanders. 

The Monumental City. 

Describe the following monuments : (a) to Leonard Calvert ; (d) to 

General Herbert ; (c) at Guilford Courthouse ; (li) at Prospect Park, 

Brooklyn ; (e) to General Smallwood ; (f) to Francis Scott Key ; 

(g) the Revolutionary Monument in Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore; 

(/i) statue of John Eager Howard. 



FROM THE CLOSE OF CIVIL WAR TO THE PRESENT 219 

122. The Spanish-American War. 

War begins in April, 1898. 

Services of the cruiser Baltitnore. 

Commodore Schley in the battle of July 3d. 

The court of inquiry ; the popular verdict. 

Cruise of the Dixie, Maryland troops in the service of the United 

States. 
Exploit of the Oregon. 

123. Politics and Elections. 

Name the two great political parties of this country. 
Give an account of Maryland politics since the Civil War. 
The independent vote. 

Describe the Australian ballot system ; it is adopted by the Assembly 
in 1901. 

124. Industries. 

Give a full account of each of the following industries : 

{a) Agriculture ; {b) mining ; {c) fishing ; {d) manufacturing. 

125. Commerce and Transportation. 

Give an account of the commerce and transportation facilities of Bal- 
timore. Of other parts of the state. 

126. Education : Public School System ; Colleges and Universities. 

Education in colonial times. 
Rise of the public school system : 

{a) in the counties ; {b) in Baltimore city. 
Present organization of the public school system, 
^digher institutions of learning that receive state aid ; scholarships 

granted in return. 
The principal non-aided colleges ; professional schools. 

127. Learned Societies. 

The Maryland Historical Society ; its aims, work, library, etc. 
The Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. 
The Maryland Academy of Sciences. 
The Geographical Society of Baltimore. 

128. Public Libraries and Art Galleries. 

Libraries : {a) State Library ; {p) Pratt Library ; {c) Peabody Library. 
Art galleries : {a) gallery of the Peabody Institute ; {b) gallery of the 
Maryland Historical Society; (c) gallery of Mr. Walters. 

129. The Baltimore Fire of February, 1904. 

Origin, extent, duration, loss inflicted. 
How the emergency was met. 
Likely to prove ultimately a benefit. 



220 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH 

1. Find the meaning of the word " bicameral." Is the Maryland Assembly 

bicameral ? How many delegates has your county (or legislative dis- 
trict of Baltimore) in the Assembly ? What are their names ? What 
is the name of your senator ? What is meant by impeachment ? What 
provision does the Constitution of Maryland make in regard to im- 
peachment ? (See Art. Ill, Sec. 26.) In what three ways may a bill 
become a law ? State the principles of the chief political parties. 

2. What qualifications must a man possess to be governor of Maryland ? 

How is a vacancy in the office, occurring before the end of the term, 
filled ? (Const. II, 6, 7.) What is meant by the governor's message ? 
What is a " pocket veto " ? 

3. In which judicial circuit do you live ? What are the names of the judges ? 

Which is chief judge ? What is an indictment ? What is a subpoena ? 
What is a writ ? What is meant by the terms '' plaintiff " and '' defend- 
ant" ? What are the duties of the grand jury ? Find out as much as 
you can about the method of procedure in the trial of a criminal case ? 
What are the powers and duties of a justice of the peace ? What offi- 
cial of the government has the power of granting pardons ? What are 
the duties of the sheriff ? 

4. Show that the governor possesses executive, legislative, and judicial 

power. 

5. Point out the advantages of a celebration of important events. 

6. Point out the various ways in which a public library will promote public 

improvement. 

7. Explain the advantages of historical study, with special reference to local 

history. Explain the value of public art galleries. 

8. Write an essay, as full as possible, on " The Nation's Debt to Maryland." 

(Read the summary on pp. 221-222 before writing.) 



REFERENCES 

For a full account of the government see Steiner's InstittUions and Civil Govern- 
ment of Maryland. In the same work will be found an account of the public school 
system, and of the higher institutions of learning, pp. 166-184; and an account of 
political parties and elections, pp. 188-208. For an account of Maryland industries, 
resources, commerce, transportation, public buildings, etc., see Maryland: its Re- 
sources^ Industries, and Institutions, by members of the Johns Hopkins University 
and others in 1893. For a general reference to current events, pubhc officers, and 
various statistics, the Almanacs published annually by the Baltimore Sun are ex- 
tremely valuable. 



CONCLUSION 

The end of our story has been reached, but it will be well, 
before laying it aside, to look back upon the wonderful series 
of events we have been studying, and try to view them in their 
entirety. The few feeble colonies that once stretched along the 
Atlantic coast of our country slowly developed, threw off the 
yoke of an oppressive and tyrannical government, and organized 
a new nation. That nation gallantly fought for and won com- 
mercial freedom upon the sea, and grew steadily in wealth, 
power, and extent of territory until, stretching from sea to sea, 
it has become the mightiest nation of the modern world. 

In this wonderful progress we find the part of Maryland in 
the highest degree important and honorable. We find the first 
sturdy little band of colonists that landed on our shores bringing 
with them the blessing of religious freedom, to be established 
for the first time on the virgin soil of the New World. We find 
their treatment of the unfortunate savages kind and just, and 
their dealings with men of their own race more gentle and con- 
siderate than was usual in their day. We find them steadily 
learning in the school of self-government until they were able, 
in 1776, to cast off, with the sister colonies, a cruel and unnat- 
ural mother, and to form themselves into a free and sovereign 
state. We see the soldiers of this state fighting beneath the 
banner of freedom, that their liberties and those of their coun- 
trymen might not perish, but endure to themselves and their 
children forever. We see these men of the old " Maryland 
Line " ever in the lead, and second to none in courage, endur- 



222 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ance, and self-sacrifice ; and we see this record constantly kept 
bright and unstained in every war in which Maryland men have 
taken part to this day. And, the war at an end, we see the 
enlightened statesmen of Maryland, by their profound and far- 
reaching policy in regard to the Northwest Territory, laying the 
corner-stone of our Federal Union, with all that this wonderful 
term means to us and to the world. 

Independence and Union attained, our state entered upon a 
long period of prosperity, which, though occasionally inter- 
rupted, has not been the less steady or certain. Her resources 
have been developed, her commerce extended, her cities en- 
larged and beautified, her population increased, and her people 
made happier and better by the gifts of her generous and 
pubHc-spirited citizens. Thus the opening of the new century 
finds Maryland with a record of which we, her children, may 
justly be proud. But we should have a care, too, that we do 
not let this pride make us contented. We should look about us, 
and perceive that our state has still many shortcomings, and 
realize that it is for ns to remove them, and to continue the 
march of progress and improvement. May the wisdom of our 
statesmen and the noble self-sacrifice of the glorious old *' Mary- 
land Line " inspire us each and all with an earnest determination 
to make our state second to none, and our country the first in 
the world. 




DELAWARE 

Scale of Miles 





5 10 15 20 25 


:iO 


BALTIMORE & OHIO R-R-llMIII 


M^ 




_^ 



77 30' Loi 



COUNTY HISTORIES 

FROM / 

THE TEACHERS' MANUAL 

COMPILED BY 

DR. M. BATES STEPHENS 

State Superintendent of Public Education 



ST. MARY'S 





'^v^^^^^^B^^^^^^^^^^I 







A Typical Tobacco Field 
From a photograph 

This "mother county" dates back to 1634, and has an area 
of 360 square miles. It was named in honor of the saint whom 
the devout colonists took as their patron. It forms the extremity 
of the Southern Maryland peninsula, lying between the Poto- 
mac and Patuxent riverc, its lower eastern side bordering on 

223 



224 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the Chesapeake. Historic Point Lookout is at the wide mouth 
of the Potomac. St. Mary's touches no other county except 
Charles, the Patuxent making in between it and Calvert. There 
are highlands along the water-front and lowlands in the interior. 
Some of the soil is sandy, with a clay subsoil, and productive 
loam is found in parts of the county. Half the cultivated land 
is occupied by tenants. Forest areas abound in white and red 
oak, poplar, sycamore, pine, and chestnut. Farms fronting on 
the bay and rivers are generally large, and vestiges of the old 
manorial life are numerous. Tobacco growing chiefly engages 
the attention of the farmers, and corn, wheat, and potatoes are 
also grown ; much live stock of an excellent grade is raised. 
The construction of a railroad to Point Lookout, traversing the 
county, is often urged. St. Mary's only railroad, the Washing- 
ton City and Potomac, runs from Brandywine, on the Pope'§ 
Creek Line in Lower Prince George's, through eastern Charles 
and into St. Mary's as far as Mechanicsville, twelve miles from 
Leonardtown, the county seat, located about midway of the 
county. Steamboats from Washington and Baltimore touch 
at points on the Potomac, and the Weems Line vessels from 
Baltimore ply the Patuxent. Leonardtown,^ named after the 
first Governor Calvert, is one of the most interesting ancient 
colonial towns of Maryland. Its population is 463. The site 
of St. Mary's city is fourteen miles southeast of the county seat, 
on St. Mary's river. A seminary for girls is established there, 
and at the tomb of Leonard Calvert a monument has been 
erected. Charlotte Hall Academy, above Mechanicsville, was 
established by legislative enactment in 1774, and its alumni 
include many famous Marylanders. 



KENT 




Proposed New Building for Washington College 
From the architect's drawing i 

Kent, with an area of 315 square miles, was named after the 
English shire from whence came many of its early settlers, 
who saw in its smiling landscape a replica of the fairest county 
of England. Kent claims the distinction of being the oldest 
county on the Eastern Shore. The first settlement within the 
present limits of Maryland was made on Kent Island in 1628 
by Protestants from Virginia under the leadership of William 
Claiborne. Calvert claimed the island as a part of his grant, 
and the contention was not ended until 1647, when Claiborne 
was dispossessed. The Maryland proprietary, having estab- 
lished his authority over the island, in 1650 organized Kent 

1 Drawing furnished by Beecher, Friz, & Gregg, Baltimore. 
225 



226 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

county, it then embracing the upper Eastern Shore. Kent is 
a peninsula, lying between the Sassafras and Chester rivers, 
its eastern border being the Delaware line, and its western 
boundary the Chesapeake bay. With its standing timber, fer- 
tile soil, game, fish, and many natural advantages, under the 
liberal policy of the proprietary, Kent soon became a flourishing 
colony, with a population consisting of Protestants, Catholics, 
and Quakers. And presently negro slaves were brought into 
the county. In 1864 about one-fourth of the population were 
colored people. The soil of Kent yields a great variety of 
crops, and agriculture is the leading occupation of the people ; 
although the fishery interests are extensive. A paper mill, 
basket factory, phosphate factory, and other manufacturing 
plants are located at Chestertown, the county seat (population, 
3,008). Canneries, mills, and other plants are numerous in the 
county. The people, though conservative, are progressive. 
They have promoted railroad and steamboat communication 
with Baltimore and Philadelphia. During the ante-Revolu- 
tionary period, Kent was active in opposition to the oppressive 
measures of Parliament. It is not commonly known that 
Chestertown, then a port of entry, had a ''tea-party" of her 
own, a small cargo on the Geddes, brought into the Chester for 
the neighboring counties, being seized and thrown overboard by 
the indignant citizens. In the War of 18 12 the British under 
Sir Peter Parker landed a force in Kent for an important military 
operation. The enemy was met by a body of local militia under 
Colonel Philip Reed (a Revolutionary officer, and United States 
senator 1806-18 13), and driven back to its ships with heavy 
loss, Parker being among the killed. Washington College 
(founded 1782), which has a normal department, is at Chester- 
town. Rock Hall, Betterton, Millington, Edesville, Galena, Still 
Pond, Kennedy ville, and other thriving towns are in Kent. 



ANNE ARUNDEL 




High School Building, Annapolis 
From a photograph 

Anne Arundel county was erected in 1650, and has an area 
of 400 square miles. It was named after the Lady Anne 
Arundel, whom Cecilius Calvert married. It fronts eastward 
on the Chesapeake, and within its territory five rivers are con- 
tained — the Severn, the most beautiful sheet of water of its size 
in the United States ; Magothy, South, Rhode, and West. On 
the north and northeast is the Patapsco, and Howard county lies 
northwest of Anne Arundel. The Patuxent separates it from 
Prince George's on the west, and Calvert is on the south. An- 
napolis, the state capital, is also the county seat. In 1694 it sup- 

227 



228 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

planted St. Mary's city as the seat of government in the colony, 
and grew to be the " Paris of America," the abode of wealth, 
elegance, and fashion. In the Senate Chamber of the historic 
old State House Washington resigned his commission as com- 
mander-in-chief, to the Continental Congress, at the close of the 
Revolution; on State House Hill, where Revolutionary troops_ 
encamped, is a heroic statue of Baron de Kalb, commander of 
the Maryland Line on the gory field of Camden. Near the State 
House is the Executive Mansion, and in the vicinity are numer- 
ous specimens of eighteenth century architecture. The city and 
county are rich in historical associations. Eden, the last of the 
colonial governors, died in Annapolis, and his grave is on the 
Severn. Tombs of the early settlers, bearing still familiar names, 
and other traces of the past preserve county history. TJie ]\Iary- 
land Gazette, first printed in 1745, is one of the AnnapoHs news- 
papers.i The United States Naval Academy is a government 
reservation adjoining the city. The population of AnnapoHs is 
8,525. It was named after Queen Anne. Agriculture and hor- 
ticulture are leading industries of the county, and its manufac- 
turing interests are numerous, and some of them of great impor- 
tance. South Baltimore, in the northern part of the county, is a 
manufacturing centre, with car-works and other large plants ; 
Brooklyn has various industries ; Annapolis, a port of entry, is 
a leading centre of the oyster industry. Tobacco, wheat, corn, 
vegetables, and fruits are grown, and woodland areas have heavy 
growths of oak, pine, and other trees. The railroads are the Bal- 
timore and Potomac ; Baltimore and Ohio ; Annapolis, Baltimore 
and Washington ; and Baltimore and Annapolis Short Line. St. 
John's College, the alma mater of many distinguished Mary- 
landers, is at Annapolis. Anne Arundel institutions have been 
notable in the educational annals of Maryland. 

1 See Page 109. 



CALVERT 




A Launching at Shipyards, Solomon's 
From a photograph 

Calvert county has 222 square miles of territory, and is the 
smallest in the state. It dates back to 1654, and preserves the 
family name of the proprietary. The Patuxent curves around 
the southern and western sides of the county, and its eastern 
line is washed by the Chesapeake. The bayside is marked by 
highlands, and the " Cliffs of Calvert " attract much attention 
among students of geology and physiography. The soil is pro- 
ductive, and divided between sandy and clay loams. Tobacco 
and cereals are the chief crops, and a considerable number of the 
people are interested in fisheries. The oyster grounds of Calvert 
are among the best in the state. Timber is plentiful, and iron 
ores and silica are found in extensive deposits. Drum Point, at 

229 



230 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

the mouth of the Patuxent, has one of the finest harbors in the 
United States, and in time may become the location of a vast 
Federal or commercial maritime enterprise. Fruits and vege- 
tables mature early on the sheltered lands, with southern 
exposure, along the waterways. The county seat is Prince 
Frederick, which is centrally located, and, Uke other Calvert 
towns, is small in population. Solomon's, in the southern part 
of the county, 26 miles from Prince Frederick, has a marine 
railway and shipyards, and Sollers', on St. Leonard's creek, 
St. Leonard's, Chaneyville, Lower Marlboro, Drum Point, 
Huntingtown, Plum Point, are among the villages of the county. 
In the colonial and early state history of Maryland Calvert was 
conspicuous. The first railroad to enter the county is the Chesa- 
peake Beach, which was built from Hyattsville, near Washing- 
ton, to the bay a few years ago, and runs for a short distance 
through the upper part of Calvert. A large portion of the popu- 
lation is colored. Among noteworthy sons of the county were 
General James Wilkinson and Rev. Mason Weems (" Parson 
Weems"), the once popular biographer, who pointed a moral 
with his celebrated myth of little George Washington, his hatchet, 
and his father's cherry tree. 



CHARLES 




New Court House, La Plata 
From a photograph 

Charles county lies on the Potomac river, its southern and 
western boundary, with Prince George's on the north and St. 
Mary's on the east. Between the two counties, a tongue of 
Charles extends to the Patuxent, and it was on this, at Benedict, 
that Ross's army disembarked for the march to Washington in 
1814. The county was organized in 1658, and given the Chris- 
tian name of the second lord proprietary. Its area is 460 square 
miles, and its great reach of water front on the Potomac, in a 
huge bend of which it is situated, gives it important resources 

231 



232 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

in riparian products, — oysters, fish, water-fowl. The Wicomico 
river, Nanjemoy, Port Tobacco, and Mattawoman creeks are 
tributaries of the Potomac in this county. Tobacco is the prin- 
cipal crop, the average yield being 500 pounds to the acre, and 
corn and wheat are grown in considerable quantities. The Pope's 
Creek line of the Baltimore and Potomac railroad terminates at 
Pope's creek, on the Potomac. In the middle section of the 
county the land is level and in other parts its rolHng surface is 
locally designated as '* valleys." Port Tobacco, from colonial 
times the county seat, was succeeded a decade ago by La Plata, 
on the railroad. The entire village population of the county is 
very small. The United States Naval Proving Grounds, a gov- 
ernment reservation at Indian Head in northwestern Charles, is 
where guns and projectiles for the navy are tested. Marshall 
Hall, nearly opposite Mt. Vernon, is closely connected with the 
memory of Washington, and is now an excursion resort. Gen- 
eral William Smallwood was from Charles, and for a century his 
grave on the ancestral estate, near the old brick dweUing in 
which he and General Washington held Masonic meetings, was 
marked only by a walnut tree. On July 4, 1898, the Maryland 
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution unveiled a 
massive monument on the spot. This county was also the home 
of Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; 
of Michael Jenifer Stone, a representative in the first Congress, 
who voted to place the seat of Federal government on the 
Potomac ; of Governor John Hoskins Stone, distinguished at 
Long Island, White Plains, Princeton, Germantown ; of Robert 
Hanson Harrison, Washington's military secretary, and a long 
list of able and brilliant men. 



BALTIMORE 




Marble Quarry, Cockeysville 
From a photograph 

Baltimore stands at the head of Maryland counties in popula- 
tion, wealth, and resources, and its area of 622 square miles is 
exceeded only by Garrett and Frederick. When the " Belt " was 
annexed to Baltimore city in 1888, the county lost considerable 
territory, 36,000 inhabitants, and the towns of Waverly, Oxford, 
Woodberry, Hampden, Calverton. The eastern neighbor of 
Baltimore county is Harford, its western, Carroll; and it is 
bounded on the south by the bay, the city, and the Patapsco 
river separating it from Anne Arundel and Howard. The Penn- 
sylvania state line is the northern boundary. The topography 
of the county is diversified and attractive, elevated and rolling, 
watered by numerous picturesque streams, and well timbered. 
The soil is strong and fertile, and a great variety of crops is 
grown. In mineral resources Baltimore is particularly fortunate. 

233 



234 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

From the early days of the colony its iron ores attracted capital, 
and from time to time numerous iron-manufacturing establish- 
ments have been in operation. Copper mines were formerly 
worked in the county, and from this industry grew the present 
large copper works at Canton, which now use copper from Mon- 
tana, the mining of the county deposits being very expensive. 
The first discovery of chrome ore in America was made a few 
miles north of Baltimore city, and a flourishing industry in the 
manufacture of products from this ore, of wide applicability in 
the arts, was established. The building stones of the county 
have given it high rank in the industrial world. The famous 
Woodstock granite is found in the southwestern corner, and has 
been quarried since the thirties. It has been used in many of 
the chief buildings in Baltimore city, and in the Congressional 
Library and Washington Post Office. The most valuable of 
Maryland's limestone deposits, it is said, are the highly crystal- 
line marbles of Baltimore county. The Beaver Dam marbles 
have been used in the construction of the Washington monu- 
ments in Baltimore and Washington, and Federal, state, and 
municipal buildings throughout the East. Gneiss and gabbro 
rocks are also used in building. The county is noted for its min- 
eral waters — Chattolanee, Roland, Strontia, Lystra, etc. There 
are valuable deposits of serpentine and porcelain clays. Along 
the Patapsco and the bay are numerous pleasure resorts, and 
fishing and gunning shores. The Baltimore and Ohio; Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore; and the Baltimore and 
Potomac run through its southern portion : the Northern Central 
extends northward through the county into Pennsylvania; the 
Western Maryland runs northwesterly from Baltimore city; and 
there are several short lines and electric roads. The county seat 
is Towson, named after General Nathan Towson, seven miles 
from Baltimore, on the Maryland and Pennsylvania railroad. 



COUNTY HISTORIES 



235 



It is the terminus of a city electric car line, and is situated in 
the midst of a superbly developed agricultural country. It has a 
population of 2,500. Canton and Highland town, small cities 
in themselves, largely given over to manufacturing, adjoin the 
eastern limits of Baltimore city. Cockeysville has a large stone 
quarry ; at Lutherville is a female seminary ; Emory Grove and 
Glyndon are noted camp grounds ; Catonsville and Mt. Wash- 
ington, with Roland Park and other towns, are known for their 
fine residences and picturesque locations. Hundreds of industrial 
establishments, large and small, are located in the county, and 
Steelton (Sparrow's Point) is the seat of the mammoth plant of 
the Maryland Steel Company. The county has many fine estates 
and country seats, and from its formation, in 1659, has been the 
home of a great number of the foremost men of colony and state. 
The battle of North Point was fought on its soil. For years it 
had a congressman of its own. Baltimore was the name of the 
Irish estates of the Calverts. The private and sectarian educa- 
tional institutions of the county are numerous, and some of them 
of widespread fame. 




Grazing Scene, Samuel Shoemaker's Farm 
From a photograph 



TALBOT 




Scene on Miles River 
From a photograph 

" Talbot county was formed in 1 660-61. The order by which 
it was created has not been found, but the Assembly proceedings 
first show its existence in this year. The existing records of the 
province have not discovered to us what were its exact limits 
anterior to the year 1706. In that year they were definitely set- 
tled by the existing Act of 1706, Chapter 3, which enacts that 
'the bounds of Talbot county shall contain Sharp's Island, Chop- 
tank Island, and all the land on the north side of the Great Chop- 
tank river ; and extend itself up the said river to Tuckahoe 
Bridge ; and from thence with a straight line to the mill com- 
monly called and known by the name of Swetnam's mill, and 
thence down the south side of Wye river to its mouth, and 
thence down the bay to the place of beginning, including Poplar 
Island and Bruff's Island ' " (McMahon, History of Maryland). 
The second public school in Maryland was estabHshed in Talbot 
under the Act of 1723. That this school was something more 
than a mere elementary school is clear from the curriculum laid 
down in the act, namely, " Grammar, Good Writing and Mathe- 

236 



COUNTY HISTORIES 237 

matics," There is sufficient evidence for believing that the 
Talbot Free School was better supplied with good teachers 
than the private subscription schools, which were often filled by 
indentured servants. Bampfylde Moore Carew, the " King of 
the Beggars," came to Talbot as an unwilling emigrant, and 
the captain of the ship that brought him over recommended him 
to a planter of Bayside as a " great scholar and an excellent 
schoolmaster." The school seems to have prospered for a long 
series of years and was ** looked upon as the most frequented in 
the province." But after the year 1764 no record of it has been 
found. How long it flourished and when it ceased to exist is 
unknown. It is believed, upon tradition merely, that it con- 
tinued in successful operation up to the outbreak of the Revolu- 
tionary War. Talbot people have long cherished their public 
schools as their most valued privilege and right. The county 
has an area of 285 square miles, and derives its name from Lord 
Talbot. It is cut up into peninsulas by the Chesapeake and its 
tributaries, and is famous for its landscapes and waterscapes. 
Agriculture, canning, and oyster-catching are its industries. It 
has furnished governors. United States senators, a secretary of 
the treasury, and numerous state and national officials and men 
of mark. Maryland's first historian came from Talbot, and it 
was the home of Robert Morris's father and the birthplace of 
John Dickinson. The Delaware and Chesapeake, and Balti- 
more, Chesapeake, and Atlantic are its transportation lines. 
Easton, the county seat, was the former ''capital " and seat of 
government on the Eastern Shore, and the first newspaper on 
this side of the bay was established there more than a century 
ago. Oxford and St. Michael's are also historic. 



SOMERSET 



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A Part of Main Street, Crisfield 
From a photograph 

Somerset county was erected August 22, 1666, by an order of 
the provincial Council, and embraced '' all that Tract of land 
within this our province of Maryland bounded on the South with 
a line drawn from Wattkin's point (being the North point of th't 
bay into wch the river Wighco formerly called Wighcocomoco 
afterwards Pocomoke & now Wighcocomoco againe doth fall 
exclusively) to the Ocean on the East, Nantecoke river on the 
North & the Sound of Chesipiake bay on the West" ; which was 
erected in the name and as the act of the Lord Proprietary ''into a 
county by the name of Sommersett county in honor to our Deare 
Sister the lady Mary Somersett." The commissioners, Stephen 
Horsey, WiUiam Stevens, William Thorne, James Jones, John 
Winder, Henry Boston, George Johnson, and John White, were 
empowered '* to enquire by the Oath of good & lawfull men of 
all manner of fellonies Witchcrafts inchantmts Sorceryes Mag- 
ick Arts Trespasses forestallings ingrossing & extorcons " and 

238 



COUNTY HISTORIES 239 

"all & singler other Misdeeds and offences." The order ap- 
pointed " Edmond Beachchampe Clark and Keeper of the 
Records," and the council issued the same day a commission to 
Stephen Horsey to be ** Sherriffe of Somersett." The first 
effort to settle the long-standing boundary dispute with Virginia 
resulted in Scarborough's line depriving Somerset of 23 square 
miles of territory. Like Dorset, Somerset has jurisdiction over 
several islands, one of which, Deal's Island, was celebrated early 
in the last century for its Methodist '' Parson " Thomas, who, 
tradition says, foretold the death of Ross in the attack on Balti- 
more, and preached to the British on his island. • The south- 
eastern corner of Somerset is separated from Accomac, in 
Virginia, by the Pocomoke river, and the division line continues 
through Pocomoke sound. The Western Shore is washed by 
Tangier sound and the bay. The area of Somerset is 362 square 
miles, and it heads the list of oyster counties, half its population 
being engaged in that industry. The value of the annual 
oyster yield from Somerset waters is ^2,000,000, and the pack- 
ing-houses along the southern and western shores utilize from 
one to one and a half million bushels yearly. In summer oyster- 
men find employment in the crabbing industry, and these shell- 
fish are shipped in enormous quantities to city markets — 
250,000 dozen going from Crisfield alone in a single season. 
Terrapin are more. plentiful in Somerset than in other coun- 
ties, and " diamond-back farming " is successful. Agriculture 
is profitable in the interior, and truck-farming is carried on 
along the lines of the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk 
railroad. Crisfield, near the mouth of the little Annamessex 
river, with a population of 3,165, is a port of entry for hundreds 
of vessels, and has extensive industrial and commercial interests. 
The county seat. Princess Anne, was founded in 1733. Other 
towns are Fairmount, Oriole, Mt. Vernon, and Kingston. 



DORCHESTER 




Cambridge Hospital, Cambridge 
From a photograph 

Dorchester county is the largest on the Eastern Shore, having 
an area of 6io square miles, and ranks fourth in point of size in the 
state. The Great Choptank river and Caroline form its north- 
ern boundary, and it has a few miles of eastern border on the 
Delaware line. The Nanticoke flows along the southeastern 
border, and on the south and west arms of the Chesapeake and 
the bay itself inclose the county. Dorchester was formed in 
1 669- 1 670, and its name is traced to the earl of Dorset or to 
Dorsetshire. Various islands are included in its territory, and 
the Little Choptank, the northwest fork of the Nanticoke, Honga, 
Fishing, Blackwater, Transquaking, Chicacomico, are rivers and 
creeks of Dorchester. Fishing bay, Tar bay, Trippe bay, Hooper's 
straits, and other bodies of water add to the geographical nomen- 
clature of the county. There is a great extent of marsh land, fre- 
quented by myriads of wild ducks, and oysters, crabs, and terrapin 

240 



COUNTY HISTORIES 241 

abound in the county waters. Sand, clay, and marl make a diver- 
sified soil, and corn, wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, and fruits are 
grown. Great quantities of oysters, tomatoes, and corn are used 
by the packing-houses. The annual income from the oyster 
catch is ^1,000,000 or more, and Dorchester ranks next to Som- 
erset in this industry. Cambridge is the home port of a vast 
fleet of dredging and tonging vessels, the seat of large packing- 
establishments, of shipyards and other manufactures. The Cam- 
bridge and Seaford and the Baltimore, Chesapeake, and Atlantic 
railroads traverse northeastern Dorchester, and steam and sailing 
vessels reach all parts of the county lying on water. Cambridge, 
the county seat, with a population of 5,747, has a fine salt-water 
situation on the Great Choptank, 18 miles from its mouth. 
The river here, between the Dorchester and Talbot shores, is 
several miles in width, and the town is built on level ground, 
extending to the water's edge. The streets are well shaded, and 
brick and stone structures predominate in the business section. 
East New Market is in the midst of a thriving agricultural sec- 
tion, has a population of 1,267, ^.nd Secretary (on Secretary 
Sewell's creek), Hurlock, Williamsburg, Salem, Taylor's Island, 
Bucktown, Linkwood, Dailsville, are some Dorchester villages. 
Vienna, on the Nanticoke, was long noted for its shipyards, and 
many swift and shapely ocean-going vessels were built there 
before steam and iron supplanted wood, and when the white oak 
forests of Dorset still afforded the best material known in former 
naval construction. Dorchester was harried by the British 
during the War of 181 2. Governor John Henry, first United 
States senator from the Eastern Shore, and William Vans 
Murray were from this county. 



CECIL 




Memorial Hall, Tome Institute, Port Deposit 
From a photograph 

Cecil county, named in honor of the second Lord Baron of 
Baltimore, was erected in 1674, the tenth county in order of 
formation, and it is situated in the northeast corner of Maryland, 
on the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, and cut off from 
the remainder of the state by the Sassafras river on the south, 
and the Chesapeake bay and Susquehanna river on the west. 
It is one of the smaller counties in area — 350 square miles — 
much of which is, however, under water, as it is intersected by 
several rivers, notably the North East, the Elk, and the Bohemia. 

242 



COUNTY HISTORIES 243 

The surface throughout is rolling, the northern portion being 
hilly ; this gives considerable water power, Vv^hich is utilized by 
a number of large paper, iron, cotton, flour, phosphate, kaolin, 
and fluor-spar mills. The third largest pulp and paper mill in 
the United States is located at Elkton, the county seat. In the 
eighteenth century the output of pig and bar iron at the Principio 
Company's furnaces was the largest in America. The soil 
generally is fertile, varying from a yellow clay in the south to a 
disintegrated rock in the north, producing fruits, grain, and hay 
in abundance. So noted has its hay crop become that the high- 
est grade on the Baltimore market is known as " Cecil county 
hay." Along the Susquehanna river are several large granite 
quarries, affording the best building material, a stone which, 
when polished, as is done at Port Deposit, is excelled in beauty 
by no other. Kaolin is largely worked for use in the manufac- 
ture of paper and in porcelain factories, and chrome has been 
extensively mined. Although possessing such excellent water 
facilities, marsh land is almost unknown. The banks of the 
Susquehanna river rise abruptly to a height of from 80 to nearly 
600 feet. At Port Deposit the granite banks rise almost per- 
pendicularly 200 to 300 feet. The fisheries, as might be ex- 
pected, are of much importance. Elkton, the largest town, has 
about 3,000 inhabitants, followed by Port Deposit, Perry ville. 
Rising Sun, North East, Chesapeake City, and Cecilton. The 
scenery in places is picturesque in the extreme. That along the 
Susquehanna, near Conowingo, and on the Octoraro, near 
Porter's Bridge, attracts artists from a distance, and compares 
most favorably with the Wissahickon and other rugged streams 
so often delineated by the painter's brush. The county is about 
equidistant from Philadelphia and Baltimore, is intersected by 
the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore; the Philadelphia 
division of the Baltimore and Ohio, and the Baltimore Central 



244 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

railroads, also by the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. Cecil 
county was one of the first to engage in school work. In 1723 
the colonial legislature appointed a committee consisting of John 
Ward, John Dowell, Benjamin Pearce, and others, to open free 
schools, and they opened one. St. Stephen's Church, organized 
in 1692, opened a public school about 1734. The Friends' 
Meeting House at Calvert was organized by William Penn in 
1702, and soon after opened a school. The church of St. 
Francis Xavier was organized in 1704, and afterward opened a 
school. The county in 1859 organized a system of free public 
schools, thus antedating that of the state six years. Among 
the more prominent private schools are the West Nottingham 
Academy, opened about 1741 by Rev. Samuel Finley, who after- 
ward became the president of Princeton University. It is situ- 
ated near Colora. The Tome Institute, most beautifully situated 
on the bluff at Port Deposit, presided over by Dr. A. W. Harris, 
with a corps of 63 teachers, and over 500 pupils, was endowed 
by the late Jacob Tome with several millions of dollars. 



PRINCE GEORGE'S 




Maryland Agricultural College 
From a photograph 

Prince George's county, named in honor of Prince George of 
Denmark, husband of Queen Anne, was formed in 1695, having 
been originally a part of Charles. The seat of local government 
was first established at Mt. Calvert on the Patuxent river, but 
it was soon removed to Upper Marlborough (named for the 
Duke of Marlborough, in 1706). The number of white children 
of school age is 6,175 and the number of colored children is 
5,179. Prince George's is one of the most progressive and pros- 
perous counties of the state. Its growth is promoted largely 
by its proximity to the national capital. The resources of the 
county are mainly agricultural. In the upper section, bordering 
upon the District of Columbia, trucking is followed to a large 
extent. In the middle and southern sections, corn, wheat, and 
tobacco are cultivated — the last named on an extensive scale, 
forming the staple product. The annual output of the county 
is larger than that of any other of the tobacco-growing counties. 
The principal towns are Upper Marlborough, Laurel, Hyatts- 

245 



246 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ville, Bladensburg, Forestville, and Woodville. At Laurel there 
are cotton duck mills, and a cereal mill has recently been es- 
tablished at Hyattsville. Bladensburg has the distinction of 
having been the scene of one of the most significant battles of 
the War of 181 2, and of many noted duels. The academy at 
Upper Marlborough, established in 1835, is managed by aboard 
of seven trustees, and has always had for its principal a capable 
teacher of the classics. Many persons who attained eminence 
in public and professional life were educated at this school. 
Even in colonial time. Prince George's county was conspicuous 
for being the home of cultured and educated people ; and as 
early as 1745 Rev. Dr. Eversfield, Rector of St. Paul's parish, 
established a private school near his residence which he con- 
tinued until his death in 1780. He taught Greek and Latin and 
furnished pupils with board at ^53 per annum. The Maryland 
Agricultural College is in this county. The area of Prince 
George's is 480 square miles and its railroads are the Baltimore 
and Ohio ; Baltimore and Potomac ; Pope's Creek, and Chesa- 
peake Beach Hues. Back in the thirties the " Patuxent Manu- 
facturing Company " was incorporated, and estabHshed the 
present cotton mill at Laurel, the old name of the town being 
** Laurel Factory." The iron industry in Prince George's dates 
back over a century. The Snowdens, among the original set- 
tlers of the county, established furnaces at various points in 
southern Maryland. The Patuxent Furnace and Forge was 
long a notable industry. The only iron works now in operation 
in the county, or in rural Maryland, is the Muirkirk Furnace, 
on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, at Muirkirk. It was 
erected in 1847 by Andrew and Elias EUicott and modelled after 
a furnace at Muirkirk, Scotland. The population of Laurel is 
2,079, and of Hyattsville, 1,222. 



QUEEN ANNE'S 




Threshing Scene 
From a photograph 

Queen Anne's county was erected in 1706, and the bounds 
of the four counties above the Great Choptank were described 
and fixed by the Assembly of that year with definiteness. 

Queen Anne's takes in the territory between the Delaware Hne 
and the bay (including Kent Island), south of the Chester and 
north of the Wye and Tuckahoe rivers. Kent is its northern, 
and Talbot and Caroline its southern neighbors. Agriculturally, 
the county is highly favored, the soil being very fertile, and the 
surface rolUng. The area of the county is 376 square miles. 
Kent Island is opposite Anne Arundel, and its wooded shores 
are visible from the State House at Annapolis. Although under 
cultivation for two and a half centuries, the island is the delight 
of agriculturahsts, its rich soil producing in profusion all the 

247 



248 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Staple Maryland crops. Oysters, crabs, fish, and water-fowl are 
plentiful in Queen Anne's waters. Practically all the arable land 
of the county is under cultivation. The industrial estabhsh- 
ments are chiefly flour mills and canneries. The Queen Anne's 
railroad runs from Love Point, on Kent Island, through the 
southern part of the county to Lewes, Delaware; and the Queen 
Anne's and Kent railroad, of the Pennsylvania system, terminates 
at Centreville, the county seat (population 1,231), to which 
point a spur of the Queen Anne's has been extended. Steam- 
boats bring the water-sides of the county within a few hours' 
trip of Baltimore city. Queenstown, on the eastern water front, 
was the colonial county seat, and has an interesting history. 
A school here attained some reputation before the Revolution. 
In provincial times Queen Anne's and Talbot were favorite places 
of summer residence for leading men of Maryland, who culti- 
vated broad estates in these counties in the intervals between 
their official duties at Annapolis or participation in its social 
gayeties. Queen Anne's rivals St. Mary's as the favorite field 
of writers of historical romances. 



WORCESTER 




Makemie Memorial Presbyterian Church (organized 1683), Snow Hill 
From a photograph 

Worcester county was formed in 1 742, and originally included, 
with the shadowy county of Durham, all the Maryland territory 
lying on the Delaware from the fortieth parallel to the ocean. 
The center of settlement in that Worcester was '' the Horekeele " 
— the present Lewes. Mason and Dixon's Line gave Worces- 
ter its now northern boundary. Chincoteague, Sinepuxent, Isle 
of Wight, and Assateague bays take up a considerable part of 
the county's area of 487 square miles. Its name recalls the 
loyalty of the proprietaries to the royal house of Stuart. Snow 
Hill, the county seat, was one of the *' townes and ports of trade " 

249 



250 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

erected in 1686. It is at the head of navigation on the Poco- 
moke river, and on the Delaware, Maryland and Virginia rail- 
road, and its manufactures are locally important. At Pocomoke 
City millions of baskets and crates for the fruit and vegetable 
trade are made annually, and the building of oyster boats and 
other craft is an important industry. The population of the 
town is 2,124, that of Snow Hill, 1,596, and of Berlin, 1,246. 
Smaller towns are Ironshire, Girdletree, Whaleyville, Bishopville, 
Newark, Box Iron, Stockton, Klej Grange. Worcester is the 
only county in the state which borders on the Atlantic ocean, 
and it has in Ocean City a thriving and prosperous seaside 
resort, which has been of great advantage to truckers on the 
mainland near there, and which has added materially to the taxa- 
ble basis. The principal industries are agriculture, manufactur- 
ing of lumber, and the oyster and other fisheries. The people are 
chiefly of English descent. The soil varies from a Hght sand to 
a heavy clay, the majority of it being a good loam, with some 
clay. The principal products are cereals, fruits, truck, and tim- 
ber. The lower part of the Sinepuxent bay in Worcester is one 
of the most fertile oyster fields to be found. During the season 
there are shipped from the railroad station at Girdletree about 
30,000 barrels, and from Hursley about the same number, besides 
those that are consumed locally or are shipped by vessels. At 
Ocean City a fish company has been formed and annually ships 
thousands of barrels of the finest fish to Northern markets. 



FREDERICK 




Key Monument, Frederick 
From a photograph 

Frederick county was organized in 1748, named after the 
Prince of Wales, and has an area of 633 square miles, being the 
second largest Maryland county. Its topography is agreeably 
diversified by valley, plain, rolling land, and mountain. Many of 
the early settlers were Germans. The county has always fur- 
nished its full quota of soldiers and sailors in wartime, from colo- 
nial days to the war with Spain. The author of " The Star-span- 
gled Banner" was born here, and his remains rest in Mt. Olivet 
cemetery, in the city of Frederick, beneath the monument 
erected by the Key Monument Association, and unveiled August 

251 



252 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

9, 1899. On November 23, 1765, the judges of the Frederick 
county court repudiated the Stamp Act passed by the British 
Parliament, and Repudiation Day was made a county holiday in 
1894. Agriculture is the leading industry, the soil being fer- 
tile and producing large crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, and 
potatoes. The mountain districts still supply a good quality of 
oak, chestnut, walnut, hickory, and other timber. The railroads 
are the Baltimore and Ohio, the Western Maryland, Pennsyl- 
vania ; and an electric road runs from Frederick to Myersville. 
Iron ore and copper are found in different parts of the county, 
the most extensive deposits of the former being in the northern 
section, near Thurmont, where a large smelting plant is located 
— the Catoctin Furnace, first put in operation in 1774. Near 
Libertytown copper mines are worked on an extensive scale. 
Frederick city, 61 miles from Baltimore, has a population of 
9,296, and is the county seat. A female seminary, Frederick 
College, and other important private educational institutions are 
located there, as is also the Maryland School for the Deaf. 
Manufactured products of the county include lumber, flour, fiber 
brushes, fertilizer, furniture, harness, hosiery, crockery-ware, 
lime, proprietary articles, etc. Frederick towns include Bruns- 
wick, Emmittsburg (near which is Mt. St. Mary's College), 
Thurmont, Walkersville, Middletown, Buckeystown, Adamstown, 
Point of Rocks, Creagestown, Wolfsville, Urbana, Libertytown, 
New Market, Ijamsville, Sabillsville, Woodsboro, Knoxville, Mt. 
Pleasant, Jefferson, Graceham, Myersville, Harmony, Johnsville, 
Ladiesburg, Unionville, Lewistown, Attica Mills, Burkittsville. 



HARFORD 




High School, Havre de Grace 
From a photograph 

Harford county was formerly part of Baltimore county. After 
the removal of the county seat of the latter from Joppa (which 
is within the present limits of Harford) to Baltimore Town on 
the Patapsco, a petition for the formation of a new county was 
granted by the legislature of 1773. The proprietary of the 
province of Maryland at this time was Henry Harford, and from 
him the county took its name. The first county seat was Har- 

253 



254 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

ford Town, or Bush, but as the settlements gradually extended 
farther and farther from the river and bay section, the people 
desired a more convenient location. As the result of an election 
in 1782, the county seat was removed to Bel Air, where it has 
remained. The physical features of the county being so varied, 
the industries are of many kinds. From the tide-water region in 
the southeastern part there is a gradual elevation, the highest 
point being 750 feet above the sea. In the spring much fishing 
is done along the Susquehanna and upper part of the Chesapeake. 
Sportsmen come from afar to take advantage of the duck-shooting 
here afforded. In the upper part of the county are found quarries 
of slate and limestone. Rolling fields of unsurpassed fertility 
give the tiller of the soil first place in the industries of the 
county. The pasture-land in the valley of the streams makes 
dairying profitable, and the canned goods industry has been 
encouraged to such an extent by the packers and brokers that 
Harford ranks among the first of all the southern counties in this 
respect. The facilities for shipping are good, the Baltimore 
and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore rail- 
roads traversing the entire southern part of the county, the 
Maryland and Pennsylvania running through a great portion of 
the central part in a north and south direction, while just across 
the river along the eastern border is the Columbia and Port 
Deposit road. The citizens of Harford have always taken an 
active part in both state and national history. As the first 
county seat lay on the main highway between Virginia and the 
Northern colonies, the ideas of Washington and Jefferson and 
Patrick Henry were easily disseminated. More than a year before 
Jefferson's famous instrument was adopted, thirty-four of Har- 
ford's representative sons, duly elected by the people of the 
county, signed a resolution in which they heartily approved of 
the " Resolves and Associations of the Continental Congress and 



COUNTY HISTORIES 255 

the Resolves of the Provincial Convention," and solemnly pledged 
themselves to each other and to the country to perform the same 
at the risk of their lives and their fortunes. This is known as 
the famous Bush Declaration of March 22, 1775. In the court- 
house at Bel Air are portraits of many of the distinguished citi- 
zens of the county who have left their impress upon the state 
and nation. Among them are found William Paca, signer of 
the Declaration of Independence and twice governor of the 
state ; Dr. John Archer, a member of the first Constitutional 
Convention of the state ; and Edwin Booth, one of the greatest 
of the world's actors. Abingdon, aptly termed the " Mecca of 
the Methodists," is noted as being the seat of the first Metho- 
dist College (Cokesbury) founded for higher education. Havre 
de Grace, named by Lafayette because of the resemblance of its 
location to that of the French Havre, is the largest town in the 
county, its population being 3,423. It figured in the War of 
18 1 2. Bel Air has a population of 961, and Aberdeen and 
other towns have from 100 to 800 inhabitants. 



CAROLINE 




Court House, Denton 
From a photograph 

Caroline is one of the smaller Maryland counties, and is the 
most inland of those on the Eastern Shore. Wicomico alone 
excepted, it is the only one in that section not having an exten- 
sive bayside border. The Delaware line bounds it on the east, 
Dorset on the south. Great Choptank and Tuckahoe rivers on 
the west, and Queen Anne's on the north. The area of the 
county is 320 square miles, and it was named in honor of Lady^ 
Eden, and its county seat was first called Eden-Town, after 

256 



COUNTY HISTORIES 257 

Governor Eden. It was erected in 1773. The soil is of sand 
and clay, adapted to a variety of crops, from wheat to berries. 
Fruit-growing is a prominent industry, and canneries are oper- 
ated in every section of the county. A local industry is char- 
coal-burning. The Queen Anne's railroad has done much to 
develop the central section of the county and to quicken village 
growth. The Delaware and Chesapeake railway runs through 
the northwestern part, and the Cambridge and Seaford line 
through the extreme southeast. On the Choptank steamboats 
ply daily to Denton. The population of Denton is 1050. 
Ridgely (population 713) and Greensborough are important 
fruit-shipping stations, and the next largest towns. Federals- 
burg (population 539), on the Northwest Fork of the Nanticoke, 
has several local industries, and Preston, on the Baltimore, 
Chesapeake and Atlantic railway, which curves through south- 
western Caroline ; Hillsborough, Burrsville, Choptank, are pro- 
gressive towns. Hillsborough Academy was noted among the 
classical public schools of the post-Revolutionary period. One 
of the first acts of the people of this county was the promulga- 
tion of the '* Caroline Resolutions of 1774," pledging resistance 
to the arbitrary measures of Parliament. The county was dis- 
tinguished in the Revolution. At Ridgely is an extensive basket 
and berry-cup manufactory. 



WASHINGTON 




Limestone Crusher 
From a photograph 

Washington county was established on the same day as Mont- 
gomery and was taken from Frederick, originally including 
Allegany and Garrett. It is bounded on the north by Pennsyl- 
vania, on the east by South Mountain, which separates it from 
Frederick ; on the south and southwest by the Potomac river, 
dividing it from Virginia, and on the west by SideUng Hill 
creek, which separates it from Allegany. It is nearly triangular 
in shape. The county is abundantly watered by the Antietam, 
Beaver, Conococheague, Israel, and other creeks tributary to the 
Potomac. The principal products are wheat, corn, oats, hay, 
rye, potatoes, wool, live-stock, butter, and honey. The county 
seat is Hagerstown, with a population of 13,591, and an admi- 
rable location as a railroad center. It lies on Antietam creek, 

258 



COUNTY HISTORIES 259 

86 miles from Baltimore, and a seminary of high order and other 
private institutions are among its educational facilities. The 
Baltimore and Ohio, Western Maryland, Norfolk and Western, 
and Cumberland Valley railroads traverse the county, and all 
pass through Hagerstown. The manufacturing estabUshments 
of the city are numerous, and some of their products are bicycles, 
gloves,' organs, building materials, agricultural implements, 
cigars, flour, carriages, etc. Williamsport has a population of 
1,472, and is a commercial and industrial center. Sharpsburg, 
Hancock, Clearspring, Boonsboro, Smithsburg, Leitersburg, 
Funkstown, Keedysville, and others, are thriving villages. The 
county ranks high among wheat-producing counties of the 
United States, and is noted for its mountain-side peach orchards. 
Its area is 525 square miles. The population is remarkable for 
intelligence, industry, and thrift. Germans, Enghsh, Scotch, 
Swiss, and French from the border provinces of Alsace and 
Lorraine were among the original settlers. A number of fami- 
lies were established in the county as early as 1735, and from 
1740 onward the numbers rapidly increased. Washington has 
been the mother of a long line of distinguished men in every 
walk of life, who have left their impress not only upon Mary- 
land but upon other states and the nation. The county may lay 
claim to no inconsiderable share in the construction of the first-^ 
steamboat built in the United States (i 785-1 786). General 
Washington and Governor Thomas Johnson were patrons of the 
experiment of James Rumsey, and parts of his steamboat were 
made at the Antietam Iron Works on March 14, 1786. Sharps- 
burg and vicinity was the scene of the most terrible and bloody 
battle of the Civil War, and in the Antietam National cemetery 
here He buried 4,667 Union dead. The Delaware and Catawba 
battle-ground at the mouth of Antietam creek, the limestone or 
subterranean curiosity from which Cavetown derives its name. 



26o LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

and old Fort Frederick, near Clearspring — the last remaining 
visible vestige of the French and Indian War — and Maryland 
Heights, rendered conspicuous in 1861-1865, together with 
Antietam battle-field, dotted with monuments and tablets, make 
the county forever memorable in song and story. 




Limestone Quarry 
From a photograph 



MONTGOMERY 




Court House, Rockville 
From a photograph 

On September 6, 1776, the county of Montgomery was formed 
out of the " Lower District of Frederick," and named in honor 
of that illustrious hero, General Richard Montgomery, killed at 

261 



262 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Quebec the previous year. The county furnished a conspicuous 
part of the Maryland Line during the Revolution ; also, troops 
in every subsequent war in which the country has been engaged. 
Montgomery has given the state at least nine members of the 
national House of Representatives, one United States senator, 
one Chief Judge of the Maryland Court of Appeals, four presi- 
dents of the state Senate, and has had one cabinet officer. The 
late United States senators Edwards, of Illinois; Davis, of Ken- 
tucky, and the brilliant commoner. Proctor Knott, of the same 
state, were natives of this county ; and the ancestors of the south- 
ern Lamars and of Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, were from 
Montgomery. The first school of any reputation in the county 
was a seminary for young men, established toward the close of 
the Revolution, and memorable as the alma mater of William 
Wirt. The Rockville Academy (1809) and Brookeville Academy 
(1814) were next chartered and liberally endowed, and have 
been in operation ever since their foundation. Many private 
institutions of learning have since been estabhshed, and those 
now existing are at Rockville, Sandy Spring, Darnestown, 
Poolesville, and Forest Glen. The Metropolitan Branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio railroad runs diagonally through the county, 
available to nearly every section, and several electric roads 
enter the southeastern part, reaching various towns. The Chesa- 
peake and Ohio canal borders on southern Montgomery, from 
the District Line to Monocacy. There are numerous circulat- 
ing libraries, and the proximity of the county to the national 
capital offers the best facilities to students and information- 
seekers. Braddock's army encamped for a night within the 
present limits of Rockville. In the early history of the county 
corn and tobacco were the staple products of the soil, until it 
became so exhausted that Montgomery lost by emigration to the 
new country beyond the Ohio large numbers of her population. 



COUNTY HISTORIES 263 

In 1790 this was over 18,000, and fifty years later, 15,456. By 
the mtroduction of guano in 1845 by the Society of Friends, a 
wonderful advance was made in the growing of cereals and 
grass, and the value of land and farm products materially en- 
hanced. In the last twenty-five years the fertility of the soil has 
been greatly increased by the use of lime and phosphates. The 
Great Falls of the Potomac is said to be the largest available 
water power, perhaps in the world, and the county has many 
natural advantages. Gold has been found in Montgomery in 
small quantities, and there are extensive deposits of granite. 
Rockville, the county seat, has a population of 1,110, Kensing- 
ton of 477, Takoma of 756, Gaithersburg of 547. The area of 
the county is 508 square miles. 



ALLEGANY 




Old National Bridge, Cumberland 
From a photograph 

Allegany county derives its name from an Indian word — 
Alligewi, a tribe name, or Oolik-hanna, meaning fairest stream. 
Its area is 442 square miles, and it lies between Garrett and 
Washington, with the Potomac river separating it from West 
Virginia on the south. Its northern line is the Pennsylvania 
boundary. In this county is found the narrowest part of the 
state, and it is conspicuous by reason of the fact that coal- 
mining and manufactures give occupation and support to the 
great majority of its people, whose number places Allegany next 
to Baltimore county in population. The coal fields cover 
64,000 acres in what is known as the George's Creek (named 
after Washington) Coal Basin, west of Cumberland, between 
Dan's mountain and Savage mountain. The county is rich in 
other mineral deposits, also — fire-clay, cement, iron ore, Medina 
sandstone, etc. The George's Creek Coal Basin is a part of 
that greatest of all coal deposits, the Allegheny field, which 
extends from Pennsylvania to Alabama. In Maryland the 

264 



COUNTY HISTORIES 265 

deposit is of a semi-bituminous variety, highly prized for its 
pecuUar quaHties and unrivalled steam-making power. The 
limestone and clay lands and the Potomac ** bottoms," in parts 
of Allegany, are exceedingly fertile, and produce potatoes, 
wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats, and grass in large crops. Fruits, 
especially apples, flourish on the mountain sides. The county 
is very progressive, and the standard of education, particularly 
among the miners, is high. Vast sums of capital are invested 
in Allegany industries, and some of these are among the most 
extensive of their kind in the United States. Tin-plate, leather, 
cement, lumber, machinery, flour, glass, and many other products 
of the county are shipped far and near. Next to Baltimore, 
Cumberland, with a population of 17,128, is the largest city in 
the state, and is constantly growing in material resources and 
size. It is the business center of a territory which extends into 
Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It is 178 miles from Balti- 
more and 149 from Pittsburg, and is reached by the Baltimore 
and Ohio, West Virginia Central (of which it is the eastern 
terminus), and Cumberland and Pennsylvania railroads, the 
latter a part of the Pennsylvania system. The Chesapeake and 
Ohio canal extends from Cumberland to Georgetown, D.C. 
Fort Cumberland, where Braddock camped, was the starting- 
point of the present city. Incident and legend, dealing with 
Indian, British, French, and Civil wars, cluster about Cumber- 
land, and the topography and nomenclature of this region are 
suggestive. Frostburg, 17 miles westward of Cumberland, is a 
city of 5,247 population, on a plateau at an elevation of 1,700 
feet above sea-level. The second State Normal School is at 
Frostburg. Lonaconing, a mining town of 2,181 population, 
is in southwestern Allegany ; Westernport, Midland, Barton, 
Mt. Savage, Ocean, Flintstone, Orleans, Pekin, are other 
towns. 



CARROLL 




Western Maryland College, Westminster . 
From a photograph 

Carroll county was formed in 1836 from the counties of Balti- 
more and Frederick, between which it lies, with Howard on the 
south and Pennsylvania on the north. The county has an area 
of 437 square miles and was named in memory of Charles Carroll 

266 



COUNTY HISTORIES 267 

of Carrollton, who died in 1832, the last survivor of the signers 
of the -Declaration of Independence. The surface is diversified, 
being level, undulating, or broken, watered by fine streams 
issuing from innumerable springs which make up the tributaries 
of the Potomac, the Monocacy, and the Patapsco. These 
streams furnish motive power for cotton and woolen factories, 
and many flouring mills. The soils being Hmestone, slate, and 
iron, are fertile and easily improved. These lands respond 
bountifully to the efforts of the agriculturist, and the products 
are corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, hay, and potatoes. In 
many sections grazing is fine, and dairy farming is profitable. 
Limestone is quarried in large quantities for lime-making ; and 
granite, marble, and brownstone furnish excellent building 
material. Iron, copper, soapstone, and flint are found in quan- 
tities suflficient to be worked with profit. Ample facilities for 
speedy and satisfactory transaction of business are furnished 
by fourteen banks, in which the deposits amount to between 
two and three million dollars. Westminster, with a population 
of 3,496, is the county seat. Other towns, ranging in population 
from 1,200 to 500, are Union Bridge, Taneytown, Manchester, 
Hampstead, Sykesville, New Windsor, and Mt. Airy. Carroll 
was the first county in the United States to establish rural free -^ 
delivery of mail. In 1899 the system went into operation, and 
at present four wagons and forty-six carriers distribute mail in 
all parts of the county. The Western Maryland, Baltimore and 
Ohio, and Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania, are the Carroll 
railroads. The Western Maryland College and the Westminster 
Theological Seminary of the Methodist Protestant Church are at 
Westminster, and New Windsor College at New Windsor. 



HOWARD 




Cotton Mills (J. S. Gary cS: Son), Alberton 
From a photograph 

Howard county, organized in 185 1, bears the name of John 
Eager Howard, one of the most illustrious soldiers of the Revo- 
lution, and afterward governor of Maryland and United States 
senator. It is triangular in shape, lying between Baltimore, 
Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Prince George's, and Anne 
Arundel counties, in the heart of the Western Shore. The 
Patapsco forms its northern border, and two small branches of 
the Patuxent extend into Howard from the Anne Arundel line. 
Another branch of the same river separates it from Montgomery. 
The main stem of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, the section 

268 



COUNTY HISTORIES 269 

of which from Baltimore to Elhcott's Mills was the first passen- 
ger railroad built in this country, runs along Howard's northern 
border, and the Washington Branch of the same road along its 
southern. The corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio was laid 
July 4, 1828, by Charles Carroll, then upward of ninety years 
old, and he said of this act that he considered it second only to 
his signing the Declaration, if *' even it be second to that." 
The area of the county is 250 square miles, and its topography 
is hilly and broken, with heavy forests and fertile hill-sides and 
valleys, the arable land being especially adapted to wheat, corn, 
and hay. As early as 1800 the iron ore deposits of Howard led 
to the building of the Avalon Iron Works, and Howard ore is 
now the only Maryland product of the kind being smelted. In 
granite, marble, and building stones Howard is especially rich. 
Guilford and Woodstock granites are known throughout the 
United States. ElHcott City, the county seat, on the Patapsco 
river 15 miles from Baltimore, is joined to the latter by an 
electric road. Ellicott's Mills, as it was known from 1774 until 
the latter years of the past century, is noted in Maryland history. 
The manufacture of flour was begun here by the Ellicotts in that 
year, and this industry is an important one in this section of the 
state. The town has a population of 1,331. Rock Hill College, 
a widely known educational institution, is located here. Wood- 
stock and St. Charles colleges and the Ilchester Redemptorist 
institution in Howard have made the county known wherever 
the Roman Catholic faith is preached. At Alberton and Savage 
are large cotton mills, operated by water power. Howard has 
been the birthplace or the home of many Marylanders noted in 
political Hfe, on the bench, and in the arts and sciences, and on 
her territory was first heard in Maryland the demand for separa- 
tion from the mother country. 



WICOMICO 




Lumber Yard, Salisbury 
From a photograph 

Wicomico county lies southeast of Dorset, the division line 
between the two being the Nanticoke river. Delaware on the 
north, Worcester on the east, and Worcester and Somerset on 
the south form the land boundaries of Wicomico, and the 
Nanticoke river extends along its western side, emptying into 
Tangier sound. The area of the county is 365 square miles, 
and its name is taken from the river which flows through its 
central section into Monie bay. Salisbury, the county seat 
(1732), is one of the most thriving commercial towns on the 
Eastern Shore, and has a population of 4>277- It is incorpo- 
rated as a city, and has numerous manufactures, mostly asso- 
ciated with the extensive lumber interests of the county. 
Salisbury is noted for the beauty of its situation and its sub- 
stantial business buildings and modern homes. Delmar, partly 
in Wicomico and partly in Delaware, is a goodly sized town, and 
Tyaskin, Nanticoke, Powellsville, Ouantico, Pittsville, Parsons- 

270 



COUNTY HISTORIES 



271 



burg, and Fruitland are the centers of thriving communities. 
Agriculture is the occupation of many of the people, and fruit- 
growing is largely and successfully engaged in, as is also truck- 
ing. With its fine transportation facilities, Wicomico, like 
Somerset, although, perhaps, in a greater degree, is in compe- 
tition with the truck-farmers of Virginia in the Northern mar- 
kets. Light, sandy soils, overlying stiff clays, are found in 
Wicomico, and there are areas of gum swamp-land and of loams, 
the " black loam " along the edge of Delaware being very fertile. 
Mardela Springs, a village of several hundred inhabitants, is 
well known in local history as the location of *' Barren Creek 
Springs," the fame of whose medicinal waters covers over a 
century. Francis Makemie established a Presbyterian church 
in Wicomico (then Somerset) county before the formation, in 
1706, of the American Presbytery in Philadelphia, and is called 
the founder of the Presbyterian Church in America. The 
Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic railway and the New 
York, -Philadelphia and Norfolk railroad run through Wicomico. 




Lumber Mill, Salisbury 
From a photograph 



GARRETT 




Coal Mining, Corinth 
From a photograph 

Garrett, the youngest of the counties of Maryland, was carved 
out of territory belonging to Allegany county, in 1872. Its first 
election for county officers was held January 7, 1873. John 
W. Garrett, then president of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 
for whom the county was named, was instrumental in its estab- 
lishment. In area Garrett is the largest county in the state — 
660 square miles. It is largely mountainous, lying in the great 
plateau of the Alleghanies, and contains much uncleared land. 
It has rich deposits of iron ore, fire-clay, and other minerals, 
especially coal ; but the chief industries are farming, stock- 

272 



COUNTY HISTORIES 273 

raising, and lumbering. Oakland, its county seat, is 2800 feet 
above sea-level, and is noted as a summer resort. Mountain 
Lake Park, widely known for its Chautauqua and camp-meeting, 
and Deer Park are also in Garrett. The people of the county 
are purely American, there being few residents of foreign birth, 
and only a half-hundred negroes. The rivers and streams of 
the county abound in game fish — bass and trout; and deer, 
pheasants, wild turkeys, etc., make it the same sportsmen's 
paradise it was in the days of Meshach Browning, hunter and 
author. Occasionally, in the mountain fastnesses, a bear is 
seen. Its deer-shooting has long attracted hunters from all 
over the country, and the glades and uplands are yearly alive 
with pheasants and wild turkeys. Wheat, potatoes, corn, buck- 
wheat, and hay are leading Garrett crops. The maple forests 
of the county yield annually about a quarter of a million pounds 
of maple sugar. Wild honey is abundant. The Baltimore and 
Ohio, West Virginia Central, and Oakland and State Line are 
Garrett railroads. The lumber industry in Garrett has long 
been its chief manufacturing interest. The first saw-mill — 
forerunner of the many that have leveled the primeval forests 
of the county — was owned by Philip Hare, and placed in oper- 
ation near Grantsville about 1790. Valuable and productive 
farms have been made of the fertile limestone lands. Oakland 
is 246 miles from Baltimore and 600 from Chicago. Selbysport, 
Swanton, Accident, Grantsville, Friendship, Keyser, Mineral 
Springs, Krug, Thayersville, Finzel, are among the Garrett 
towns, and it is notable in physical geography as the only 
Maryland county having rivers flowing westward as well as 
eastward. The Youghiogheny rises in Garrett and is a tribu- 
tary of the Ohio. 



APPENDIXES 



PROPRIETARIES OF MARYLAND 

Cecilius Calvert ..... 1632 Charles Calvert 171 5 

Charles Calvert 1675 Frederick Calvert 1751 

Benedict Leonard Calvert . .1715 Henry Harford . . . 1 771 -1776 

N. B. — It is well to remember that there were six Lords Baltimore and six 
proprietaries, but the first Lord Baltimore (George Calvert) was not a pro- 
prietary of Maryland, and the last proprietary of Maryland (Henry Harford) 
was not a Lord Baltimore. 



GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND 1 

Colonial Governors of Maryland 

Under the Proprietary 

Leonard Calvert 1633 William Fuller and Commis- 

Thomas Greene 1647 sioners 1654 

William Stone 1649 Josias Fendall 1658 

1 I do not know of any complete list of Maryland governors ever published that is 
correct. The list of colonial governors here given will be found very different from the 
usual lists, but in agreement with the list prepared from the archives by Dr. B. C. Steiner 
and others for the Maryland Manual, issued by the secretary of state. The list of state 
governors is taken from the list prepared by Mr. Edward T. Tubbs for the Teacher's 
Manual issued by State Superintendent M, B. Stephens. A comparison with the conven- 
tional list will show that the terms of most of the governors have been dated from their 
election instead of from their qualification. j ^^ q 

27s 



2/6 



LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Philip Calvert 1660 

Charles Calvert i66r 

Cecilius Calvert, a minor; 
Jesse Wharton, deputy, and 
later Thomas Notley . . . 1676 

Thomas Notley 1676 

Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 
in person 1679 



Benedict Leonard Calvert, a 
minor; government adminis- 
tered by Council .... 1684 

William Joseph, President of 
the Council 1688 

Convention of Protestant Asso- 
ciation 1689 



Royal Governors 



Lionel Copley 1692 

Edmund Andros (ad interim) 1693 
Thomas Lawrence, President of 

the Council 1694 

Francis Nicholson 1694 



Nathaniel Blackiston 



Thomas Tench, President of 

the Council 1702 

John Seymour 1704 

Edward Lloyd, President of the 
Council 1709 



699 John Hart 17 14 



Proprietary Governors 



John Hart 171 5 

Thomas Brooke, President of 

the Council 1720 

Charles Calvert 1720 

Benedict Leonard Calvert . . 1727 

Samuel Ogle 1731 

Charles, Lord Baltimore, in 



Samuel Ogle 1733 

Thomas Bladen 1742 

Samuel Ogle 1747 

Benjamin Tasker, President of 
the Council ..;... 1752 

Horatio Sharpe 1753 

Robert Eden .... 1 769-1 776 



person 



1732 



Convention and Council of Safety, 1 774-1 777 



State Governors of Maryland 



Thomas Johnson . 
Thomas Sim Lee . 
William Paca . 
William Smallwood 
John Eager Howard 
George Plater . . 



1777 James Brice 1792 

1779 Thomas Sim Lee 1792 

1782 John H. Stone 1794 

1785 John Henry 1797 

1788 Benjamin Ogle 1798 

1 791 John Francis Mercer .... 1801 



APPENDIXES 



277 



Robert Bowie 1803 

Robert Wright ...... 1806 

James Butcher 1809 

Edward Lloyd 1809 

Robert Bowie 181 1 

Levin Winder 1812 

Charles Ridgely 18 16 

Charles Goldsborough . . .1819 

Samuel Sprigg 18 19 

Samuel Stevens, Jr. „ . . . 1822 
Joseph Kent . . . . . . 1826 

Daniel Martin 1829 

Thomas King Carroll . . . 1830 

Daniel Martin 1831 

George Howard 1831 

James Thomas 1833 

Thomas W. Veazey .... 1836 

William Grason 1839 

Francis Thomas 1842 



Thomas G. Pratt 1845 

Philip F. Thomas 1848 

E. Louis Lowe 1851 

T. Watkins Ligon 1854 

Thomas Holliday Hicks . . . 1858 
Augustus W. Bradford . . . 1862 

Thomas Swann 1865 

Oden Bowie 1868 

William Pinkney White . . . 1872 
James Black Groome .... 1874 

John Lee Carroll 1876 

William T. Hamilton . . . .1880 
Robert M. McLane . . . .1884 

Henry Lloyd 1885 

Elihu E. Jackson 1888 

Frank Brown 1892 

Lloyd Lowndes 1896 

John Walter Smith .... 1900 
Edwin Warfield 1904 



TOWNS OF MARYLAND 

Having a population of more than 3,000 (U.S. Census, 1900) 



Baltimore city 508,957 

Cumberland 17,128 

Hagerstown I3'59i 

Frederick 9,296 

Annapolis 8,402 

Cambridge 5,747 

Chestertown . . 



Frostburg . . 
Salisbury . . . 
Havre de Grace 
Westminster 



. . . 5.274 

. . . 4.277 

. . . 3,423 

. . . 3,199 

Crisfield 3,165 

Easton 3P74 

3,008 



27% LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 

ADOPTED BY THE CONVENTION 

Which Assembled at the City of Annapolis on the Eighth Day of 
May, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-seven, and Adjourned on the 
Seventeenth Day of August, Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-seven, 
AND Ratified by the People on the Eighteenth Day of September, 
Eighteen Hundred and Sixty-seven, with Amendments and De- 
cisions OF THE Court of Appeals, to and including 94 md. 

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS 

Preajiible 

We, the people of the State of Maryland, grateful to Almighty God for our 
civil and religions liberty, and taking into our seriojts consideration the best 
means of establishing a good Constitution in this State for the sure foundation 
and more permanent security thereof declare : — 

Origin and foundation of government. Right of reform 

Article i. That all Government of right originates from the People, is 
founded in compact only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole ; 
and they have, at all times, the inalienable right to alter, reform or abolish 
their form of Government in such manner as they may deem expedient. 

Constitution of the U. S. the supreme law 

Art. 2. The Constitution of the United States, and the Laws made or 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under the authority of the United States, are and shall be the 
Supreme Law of the State ; and the Judges of this State, and all the People of 
this State, are, and shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or 
Law of this State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Powers reserved 

Art. 3. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution 
thereof, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
or to the People thereof. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 



279 



Siafe''s rights 

Art. 4. That the People of this State have the sole and exclusive right of 
regulating the internal government and police thereof, as a free, sovereign, 
and independent State. 

Com /noil law : trial by jury — English statutes — Charier of the State 

Art. 5. That the Inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to the Common Law 
of England, and the trial by Jury, according to the course of that law, and to 
the benefit of such of the English statutes as existed on the Fourth day of 
July, seventeen hundred and seventy-six ; and which, by experience, have been 
found applicable to their local and other circumstances, and have been intro- 
duced, used and practiced by the Courts of Law or Equity ; and also of all 
Acts of Assembly in force on the first day of June, eighteen hundred and 
sixty-seven ; except such as may have since expired, or may be inconsistent 
with the provisions of this Constitution ; subject, nevertheless, to the revision 
of, and amendment or repeal by, the Legislature of this State. And the In- 
habitants of Maryland are also entitled to all property derived to them from 
or under the Charter granted by His Majesty, Charles the First, to CiEcilius 
Calvert, Baron of Baltimore. 

Right of reform — Non-resistance 

Art. 6. That all persons invested with the Legislative or Executive powers 
of Government are Trustees of the Public, and as such, accountable for their 
conduct : Wherefore, whenever the ends of Government are perverted, and 
public liberty manifestly endangered and all other means of redress are ineffect- 
ual, the People may, and of right ought to reform the old, or establish a new 
Government ; the doctrine of non-resistance against arbitrary power and op- 
pression is absurd, slavish and destructive of the good and happiness of man- 
kind. 

Right of siiffrage 

Art. 7. That the right of the People to participate in the Legislature is the 
best security of liberty and the foundation of all free Government ; for this 
purpose elections ought to be free and frequent, and every white ^ male citizen 
having the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, ought to have the 



1 The word "white" omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States. 



280 LEADING EVExNTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Separatio?i of the departnients ofgoverjiinent 

Art. 8. That the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers of Government 
ought to be forever separate and distinct from each other ; and no person 
exercising the functions of one of said Departments shall assume or discharge 
the duties of any other. 

Suspension of lazvs 

Art. 9. That no power of suspending Laws or the execution of Laws, unless 
by, or derived from the Legislature, ought to be exercised, or allowed. 

Freedom of speech 

Art. 10. That freedom of speech and debate, or proceedings in the Legis- 
lature, ought not to be impeached in any Court of Judicature. 

Seat of governinejit 

Art. II. That Annapolis be the place of meeting of the Legislature and the 
Legislature ought not to be convened, or held at any other place but from 
evident necessity. 

Meeting of Legislature 

Art. 12. That for redress of grievances, and for amending, strengthening, 
and for preserving the laws, the Legislature ought to be frequently convened. 

Right of petition 

Art. 13. That every man hath a right to petition the Legislature for the 
redress of grievances in a peaceful and orderly manner. 

Levying of taxes 

Art. 14. That no aid, charge, tax. burthen or fees ought to be rated, or levied, 
under any pretence, without the consent of the Legislature. 

Poll tax — Taxation according to actual worth — Fines 

Art. 15. That the levying of taxes by the poll is grievous and oppressive, 
and ought to be prohibited ; that paupers ought not to be assessed for the 
support of the Government ; but every person in the State, or person holding 
property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the 
support of the Government, according to his actual worth in real or personal 
property ; yet fines, duties or taxes may properly and justly be imposed, or laid 
with a political view for the good government and benefit of the community. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 28 1 

Sanguijiary laws 

Art. 1 6. That sanguinary Laws ought to be avoided as far as it is consistent 
with the safety of the State ; and no Law to inflict cruel and unusual pains 
and penalties ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter. 

Retrospective laws 

Art. 17. That retrospective Laws, punishing acts committed before the ex- 
istence of such Laws, and by them only declared criminal are oppressive, unjust 
and incompatible with liberty; wherefore, no ex post facto Law ought to be 
made ; nor any retrospective oath or restriction be imposed or required. 

Attainder 

Art. 18. That no Law to attaint particular persons of treason or felony, 
ought to be made in any case, or at any time, hereafter. 

Right to have justice 

Art. 19. That every man, for any injury done to him in his person or prop- 
erty ought to have remedy by the course of the Law of the Land, and ought 
to have justice and right, freely without sale, fully without any denial, and 
speedily without delay, according to Law of the Land. 

Trial of facts 

Art. 20. That the trial of facts, where they arise, is one of the greatest 
securities of the lives, liberties and estate of the People. 

Crii7iinal prosecutions ; indictment — Counsel and witnesses — Trial by jury 

Art. 21. That in all criminal prosecutions, every man hath a right to be 
informed of the accusation against him ; to have a copy of the Indictment, 
or Charge in due time (if required) to prepare for his defence ; to be allowed 
counsel ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have process 
for his witnesses ; to examine the witnesses for and against him on oath ; and 
to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, without whose unanimous consent he 
ought not to be found guilty. 

Evidence against oneself 

Art. 22. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence against 
himself in a criminal case. 



282 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

-Freemen not to be imprisoned 

Art. 23. That no man ought to be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his 
freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner 
destroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the judgment 
of his peers, or by the Law of the Land. 

Slavery abolisJicd 

Art. 24. That Slavery shall not be re-established in this State; but having 
been abolished, under the policy and authority of the United States, compen- 
sation, in consideration thereof, is due from the United States. 

Bail and fines 

Art. 25. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted by the Courts of Law. 

Search war?-ants 

Art. 26. That all warrants, without oath or affirmation, to search suspected 
places, or to seize any person or property, are grievous and oppressive ; and 
all general warrants to search suspected places, or to apprehend suspected 
persons, without naming or describing the place, or the person in special, 
are illegal, and ought not to be granted. 

Corruption of blood 

Art. 27. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of 
estate. 

Militia 

Art. 28. That a well regulated Militia is the proper and natural defence of 
a free Government. 

Sta n ding a rm ies 

Art. 29. That Standing Armies are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to 
be raised, or kept up, without the consent of the Legislature. 

Military subject to civil poiver 

Art. 30. That in all cases, and at all times, the military ought to be under 
strict subordination to, and control of, the civil power. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 283 

Quartering of soldiers 

Art. 31. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, he quartered in any house, 
without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except in the manner 
prescribed by Law. 

Martial law 

Art. 32. That no person except regular soldiers, marines and mariners in 
the service of this State, or militia, when in actual service, ought, in any case, 
to be subject to, or punishable by. Martial Law. 

Jtcdiciary 

Art. 33. That the independency and uprightness of Judges are essential to 
the impartial administration of Justice, and a great security to the rights and 
liberties of the People ; wherefore, the Judges shall not be removed, except 
in the manner, and for the causes, provided in this Constitution. No Judge 
shall hold any other office, civil or military or political trust, or employment 
of any kind whatsoever, under the Constitution or Laws of this State, or of 
the United States, or any of them ; or receive fees, or perquisites of any kind, 
for the discharge of his official duties. 

Rotation in office 

Art. 34. That a long continuance in the Executive Departments of power 
or trust is dangerous to liberty ; a rotation, therefore, in those Departments 
is one of the best securities of permanent freedom. 

Holding offices — Presents 

Art. 35. That no person shall hold, at the same time, more than one office 
of profit, created by the Constitution or Laws of this State ; nor shall any per- 
son in public trust receive any present from any foreign Prince or State, or 
from the United States, or any of them, without the approbation of this State. 

Religious liberty — IVitnesses 

Art. 36. That as it is the duty of every man to worship God in such 
manner as he thinks most acceptable to Him, all persons are equally entitled 
to protection in their religious liberty ; wherefore, no person ought, by any 
law to be molested in his person or estate, on account of his religious persua- 
sion or profession, or for his religious practice, unless, under the color of 
religion, he shall disturb the good order, peace or safety of the State, or shall 
infringe the laws of morality, or injure others in their natural, civil or religious 



284 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

rights ; nor ought any person to be compelled to frequent, or maintain or 
contribute, unless on contract, to maintain any place of worship or any 
ministry ; nor shall any person, otherwise competent be deemed incompetent 
as a witness, or juror, on account of his religious belief ; provided, he believes 
in the existence of God, and that under His dispensation such person will be 
held morally accountable for his acts, and be rewarded or punished therefor in 
this world or the world to come. 

Oath of office 

Art. 37. That no religious test ought ever to be required as a qualification 
for any office of profit or trust in this State, other than a declaration of belief 
in the existence of God ; nor shall the Legislature prescribe any other oath of 
office than the oath prescribed by this Constitution. 

Disqualifications of Ministers and )-eligious bodies 

Art. 38. That every gift, sale or devise of land to any Minister, Public 
Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or to any Religious Sect, Order 
or Denomination, or to, or for the support, use or benefit of, or in trust for, any 
Minister, Public Teacher or Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious 
Sect, Order or Denomination ; and every gift or sale of goods, or chattels, to 
go in succession, or to take place after the death of the Seller or Donor, to or 
for such support, use or benefit ; and also every devise of goods or chattels 
to or for the support, use or benefit of any Minister, Public Teacher or 
Preacher of the Gospel, as such, or any Religious Sect, Order or Denomina- 
tion, without the prior or subsequent sanction of the Legislature, shall be void ; 
except always, any sale, gift, lease or devise of any quantity of land, not exceed- 
ing five acres, for a church, meeting-house, or other house of worship, or par- 
sonage, or for a burying-ground, which shall be improved, enjoyed or used 
only for such purpose ; or such sale, gift, lease or devise shall be void. 

Administering oaths 

Art. 39. That the manner of administering the oath or affirmation to any 
person ought to be such as those of the religious persuasion, profession or 
denomination, of which he is a member, generally esteem the most effectual 
confirmation by the attestation of the Divine Being. 

Liberty of the press 

Art. 40. That the liberty of the press ought to be inviolably preserved ; 
that every citizen of the State ought to be allowed to speak, write and publish 
his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 285 

Monopolies 

Art. 41. That monopolies are odious, contrary to the spirit of a free govern- 
ment and the principles of commerce, and ought not to be suffered. 

Titles of nobility 

Art. 42. That no title of nobility or hereditary honors ought to be granted 
in this State. 

Duties of the Legislature 

Art. 43. That the Legislature ought to encourage the diffusion of knowledge 
and virtue, the extension of a judicious system of general education, the pro- 
motion of literature, the arts, sciences, agriculture, commerce and manufactures, 
and the general amelioration of the condition of the people. 

Constitutions apply in war and peace 

Art. 44. That the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, and 
of this State, apply as well in time of war as in time of peace ; and any depar- 
ture therefrom, or violation thereof, under the plea of necessity, or any other 
plea, is subversive of good government and tends to anarchy and despotism. 

Rights retained by the people 

Art. 45. This enumeration of Rights shall not be constmed to impair or 
deny others retained by the People. 



CONSTITUTION 

All Amendments are Included in Brackets and Follow the Sections as Originally 

Adopted 

ARTICLE I 

ELECTIVE FRANCHISE 

Elections by ballot — Qualifications of voters — Residence — Removal 

Section i . All elections shall be by ballot ; and every white ^ male citi- 
zen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, or upwards, who has 
been a resident of the State for one year, and of the Legislative District of 
Baltimore city, or of the county, in which he may offer to vote, for six months 

1 The word "white" omitted under the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the 
United States. 



286 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

next preceding the election, shall be entitled to vote, in the ward or election 
district in which he resides, at all elections hereafter to be held in this state ; 
and in case any county or city shall be so divided as to form portions of dif- 
ferent electoral districts, for the election of Representatives in Congress, Sena- 
tors, Delegates, or other Officers, then to entitle a person to vote for such 
officer, he must have been a resident of that part of the county, or city, which 
shall form a part of the electoral district, in which he offers to vote for six 
months next preceding the election ; but a person, who shall have acquired a 
residence in such county or city, entitling him to vote at any such election, 
shall be entitled to vote in the election district from which he removed, until 
he shall have acquired a residence in the part of the county or city to which 
he has removed. 

Disqualifications 

Sec. 2. No person above the age of twenty-one years, convicted of larceny 
or other infamous crime, unless pardoned by the Governor, shall ever there- 
after be entitled to vote at any election in this State ; and no person under 
guardianship, as a lunatic, or a person non compos mentis^ shall be entitled to 
vote. 

Bribery — Penalties 

Sec. 3. If any person shall give, or offer to give, directly or indirectly, any 
bribe, present, or reward, or any promise, or any security, for the payment or 
the delivery of money, or any other thing, to induce any voter to refrain from 
casting his vote, or to prevent him in any way from voting, or to procure a 
vote for any candidate or person proposed, or voted for, as Elector of President 
and Vice-President of the United States, or Representative in Congress, or for 
any office of profit or tmst, created by the Constitution or Laws of this State, 
or by the ordinances, or Authority of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 
the person giving, or offering to give, and the person receiving the same, and 
any person who gives, or causes to be given, an illegal vote, knowing it to be 
such, at any election to be hereafter held in this State, shall, on conviction in 
a Court of Law, in addition to the penalties now or hereafter to be imposed 
by law, be forever disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to vote 
at any election thereafter. 

Ptinishment for illegal voting 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to pass Laws to pun- 
ish, with fine and imprisonment, any person who shall remove into any election 
district or precinct of any ward of the City of Baltimore, not for the purpose 
of acquiring a bona fide residence therein, but for the purpose of voting at an 
approaching election, or who shall vote in any election district or ward in 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 287 

which he does not reside (except in the case provided for in this Article), or 
shall, at the same election, vote in more than one election district, or precinct, 
or shall vote, or oifer to vote, in any name not his own, or in place of any 
other person of the same name, or shall vote in any county in which he does 
not reside. 

Registration 

Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall provide by law for a uniform Regis- 
tration of the names of all the voters in this State who possess the qualifi- 
cations prescribed in this Article, which Registration shall be conclusive 
evidence to the Judges of election of the right of every person thus registered to 
vote at any election thereafter held in this State ; but no person shall vote at 
any election, Federal or State, hereafter to be held in this State, or at any 
municipal election in the City of Baltimore, unless his name appears in the 
list of registered voters ; and until the General Assembly shall hereafter pass 
an Act for the Registration of the names of voters, the law in force on the 
first day of June, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, in reference 
thereto, shall be continued in force, except so far as it may be inconsistent 
with the provisions of this Constitution ; and the registry of voters, made in 
pursuance thereof, may be corrected, as provided in said law ; but the names 
of all persons shall be added to the list of qualified voters by the officers of 
Registration, who have the qualifications prescribed in the first section of this 
Article, and who are not disqualified under the provisions of the second and 
third sections thereof. 

Oath of office 

Sec. 6. Everv person elected or appointed to any office of profit or trust, 
under this Constitution, or under the laws, made pursuant thereto, shall, be- 
fore he enters upon the duties of such office, take and subscribe the following 

oath or affirmation: I, , do swear, (or affirm, as the case may be,) that I 

will support the Constitution of the United States ; and that I will be faithful 
and bear true allegiance to the State of Maryland, and support the Constitu- 
tion and Laws thereof; and that I will, to the best of my skill and judgment, 
diligently and faithfully, without partiality or prejudice, execute the office of 
, according to the Constitution and Laws of this State, (and, if a Gov- 
ernor, Senator, Member of the House of Delegates, or Judge), that I will not, 
directly or indirectly, receive the profits or any part of the profits of any other 
office during the term of my acting as . 

Nezv election on refusal to take oath • 

Sec. 7. Every person hereafter elected or appointed to office in this State, 
who shall refuse or neglect to take the oath or affirmation of office provided 



288 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

for in the sixth section of this Article, shall be considered as having refused 
to accept the said office ; and a new election or appointment shall be made, as 
in case of refusal to accept, or resignation of an office ; and any person violat- 
ing said oath shall, on conviction thereof, in a Court of Law, in addition to 
the penalties now or hereafter to be imposed by law, be thereafter incapable of 
holding any office of profit or trust in this State. 



ARTICLE II 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

Governor's term of office 

Section i. The executive power of the State shall be vested in a Governor, 
whose term of office shall commence on the second Wednesday of January 
next ensuing his election, and continue for four years, and until his successor 
shall have qualified; but the Governor chosen at the first election under this 
Constitution shall not enter upon the discharge of the duties of the office until 
the expiration of the term for which the present incumbent was elected ; unless 
the said office shall become vacant by death, resignation, removal from the 
State, or other disqualification of the said incumbent. 

Time, place, and manner of electing governor 

Sec. 2. An election for Governor, under this Constitution, shall be held on 
the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November, in the year eighteen 
hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same day and month in every fourth 
year thereafter, at the places of voting for delegates to the General Assembly ; 
and every person qualified to vote for Delegates shall be qualified and entitled 
to vote for Governor ; the election to be held in the same manner as the election 
of Delegates, and the returns thereof under seal to be addressed to the Speaker 
of the House of Delegates, and enclosed and transmitted to the Secretary of 
State, and delivered to said Speaker, at the commencement of the session of 
the General Assembly next ensuing said election. 

Plurality to elect 

Sec. 3. The Speaker of the House of Delegates shall then open the said 
returns in the presence of both Houses ; and the person having the highest 
number of votes, and being constitutionally eligible, shall be the Governor, 
and shall qualify, in the manner herein prescribed, on the second Wednesday 
of January next ensuing his election, or as soon thereafter as may be 
practicable. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 289 

Tie vote — I/otise to decide all questions 

Sec. 4. If two or more persons shall have the highest and an equal number 
of votes for Governor, one of them shall be chosen Governor by the Senate 
and House of Delegates, and all questions in relation to the eligibility of Gov- 
ernor, and to the returns of said election, and to the number and legaHty 
of votes therein given, shall be determined by the House of Delegates ; and if 
the person or persons, having the highest number of votes, be ineligible, 
the Governor shall be chosen by the Senate and House of Delegates. Every 
election of Governor by the General Assembly shall be determined by a joint 
majority of the Senate and House of Delegates, and the vote shall be taken 
viva voce. But if two or more persons shall have the highest and an equal 
number of votes, then a second vote shall be taken, which shall be confined 
to the persons having an equal number ; and if the vote should again be equal, 
then the election of Governor shall be determined by lot between those who 
shall have the highest and an equal number on the first vote. 

Qualifications of governor 

Sec. 5. A person to be eligible to the office of Governor must have attained 
the age of thirty years, and must have been for ten years a citizen of the State 
of Maryland, and for five years next preceding his election a resident of the 
State, and, at the time of his election, a qualified voter therein. 

Election by assembly 

Sec. 6. In the case of death or resignation of the Governor, or of his 
removal from the State, or other disqualification, the General Assembly, 
if in session, or if not, at their next session, shall elect some other qualified 
person to be Governor for the residue of the term for which the said Governor 
had been elected. 

Succession — Impeachment 

Sec. 7. In case of any vacancy in the office of Governor, during the recess 
of the Legislature, the President of the Senate shall discharge the duties of 
said office, until a Governor is elected, as herein provided for ; and in case 
of the death or resignation of the said President, or of his removal from the 
State, or of his refusal to serve, then the duties of said office shall, in like 
manner, and for the same interval, devolve upon the Speaker of the House 
of Delegates. And the Legislature may provide by Law, for the impeachment 
of the Governor ; and in case of his conviction, or his inability, may declare 
what person shall perform the Executive duties ; and for any vacancy in said 
office not herein provided for, provision may be made by Law ; and if such 



290 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

vacancy should occur without such provision being made, the Legislature 
shall be convened by the Secretary of State for the purpose of filling said 
vacancy. 

Governor to be commander-in-chief of Militia 

Sec. 8. The Governor shall be the commander-in-chief of the land and 
naval forces of the State ; and may call out the Militia to repel invasions, sup- 
press insurrections, and enforce the execution of the Laws ; but shall not take 
the command in person, without the consent of the Legislature. 

Duties 
Sec. 9. He shall take care that the Laws are faithfully executed. 

Appointments 

Sec. 10. He shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, appoint all civil and military officers of the State, whose appoint- 
ment or election is not otherwise herein provided for; unless a different mode 
of appointment be prescribed by the Law creating the office. 

Appointments during recess 

Sec. II. In case of any vacancy during the recess of the Senate, in any 
office which the Governor has power to fill, he shall appoint some suitable 
person to said office, whose commission shall continue in force until the end 
of the next session of the Legislature, or until some other person is appointed 
to the same office, whichever shall first occur ; and the nomination of the 
person thus appointed during the recess, or of some other person in his place, 
shall be made to the Senate within thirty days after the next meeting of the 
Legislature. 

I\ejection by Senate 

Sec. 12. No person, after being rejected by the Senate, shall be again 
nominated for the same office at the same session, unless at the request of 
the Senate ; or be appointed to the same office during the recess of the 
Legislature. 

Time of nomination — Term of office 

Sec. 13. All civil officers appointed by the Governor and Senate, shall be 
nominated to the Senate within fifty days from the commencement of each 
regular session of the Legislature ; and their term of office, except in cases 
otherwise provided for in this Constitution, shall commence on the first Mon- 
day of May next ensuing their ajjpointment, and continue for two years, 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 291 

(unless removed from office), and until their successors, respectively, qualify 
according to law ; but the term of office of the Inspectors of Tobacco shall 
commence on the first Monday of March next ensuing their appointment. 

Vacancy during session 

Sec. 14. If a vacancy shall occur during the session of the Senate, in any 
office which the Governor and Senate have the power to fill, the Governor 
shall nominate to the Senate, before its final adjournment a proper person to 
fill said vacancy, unless such vacancy occurs within ten days before said final 
adjournment. 

Courts martial 

Sec. 15. The Governor may suspend or arrest any military officer of the 
State for disobedience of orders or other military offense ; and may remove 
him in pursuance of the sentence of a Court Martial ; and may remove for 
incompetency or misconduct, all civil officers who received appointment from 
the Executive for a term of years. 

Extra sessions of Legislature 

Sec. 16. The Governor shall convene the Legislature, or the Senate alone, 
on extraordinary occasions ; and whenever from the presence of an enemy, 
or from any other cause, the Seat of Government shall become an unsafe place 
for the meeting of the Legislature, he may direct their sessions to be held at 
some other convenient place. 

Veto power — Vetoed bills : hozv passed — Yeas and uays — 
Veto within six days 

Sec. 17. To guard against hasty or partial legislation and encroachments 
of the Legislative Department upon the co-ordinate. Executive and Judicial 
Departments, every Bill which shall have passed the House of Delegates, and 
the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor of the 
State ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it with his 
objections to the House in which it originated, which House shall enter the 
objections at large on its Journal and proceed to reconsider the Bill ; if, after 
such reconsideration, three-fifths of the members elected to that House shall 
pass the Bill, it shall be sent with the objections to the other House, by which 
it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it pass by three-fifths of the members 
elected to that House it shall become a law ; but in all such cases the votes of 
both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per- 
sons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each 



292 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

House, respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within 
six days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the 
same shall be a law in Hke manner as if he signed it, unless the General As- 
sembly shall, by adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be 
a law. 

Veto of items 

[The Governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any 
Bills making appropriations of money embracing distinct items, and the part 
or parts of the Bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items of ap- 
propriations disapproved shall be void unless repassed according to the rules 
or limitations prescribed for the passage of other Bills over the Executive 
veto.]^ 

Governor to examine Treasury accounts 

Sec. 1 8. It shall be the duty of the Governor, semi-annually, (and oftener, 
if he deems it expedient), to examine under oath the Treasurer and Comp- 
troller of the State on all matters pertaining to their respective offices, and 
inspect and review their bank and other account books. 

Recommendations 

Sec. 19. He shall, from time to time, inform the Legislature of the con- 
dition of the State, and recommend to their consideration such measures as 
he may judge necessary and expedient. 

Pardons — Notice in newspapers — Reports to Legislature 

Sec. 20. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, except in 
cases of impeachment, and in cases in which he is prohibited by other Articles 
of this Constitution ; and to remit fines and forfeitures for offenses against the 
State ; but shall not remit the principal or interest of any debt due the State, 
except in cases of fines and forfeitures ; and before granting a 7iolle prosequi, 
or pardon, he shall give notice, in one or more newspapers, of the application 
made for it, and of the day on or after which his decision will be given ; and 
in every case in which he exercises this power, he shall report to either Branch 
of the Legislature, whenever required, the petitions, recommendations and 
reasons which influenced his decision. 

Residence and salary 

Sec. 21. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government, and receive 
for his services an annual salary of four thousand five hundred dollars. 

1 Thus amended by Chapter 194, Acts of 1890, ratified by the people, November 3d, 
1891. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 293 

Secretary of State 

Sec. 22. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by the Governor, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, who shall continue in office, 
unless sooner removed by the Governor, till the end of the official term of the 
Governor from whom he received his appointment, and receive an annual 
salary of two thousand dollars, and shall reside at the seat of government ; 
and the office of Private Secretary shall thenceforth cease. 

Duties of Secretary 

Sec. 23. The Secretary of State shall carefully keep and preserve a record 
of all official acts and proceedings, which may at all times be inspected by a 
committee of either branch of the Legislature ; and he shall perform such 
other duties as may be prescribed by law, or as may properly belong to his 
office, together with all clerical duty belonging to the Executive Department. 



ARTICLE III 

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT 

Section I. The Legislature shall consist of two distinct branches — a 
Senate and a House of Delegates — and shall be styled the General Assembly 
of Maryland. 

Election of Senators — Tertn 

Sec. 2, Each County in the State, and each of the three Legislative Districts 
of Baltimore City, as they are now, or may hereafter be defined, shall be 
entitled to one Senator, who shall be elected by the qualified voters of the 
Counties, and of the Legislative Districts of Baltimore City, respectively, and 
shall serve for four years from the date of his election, subject to the classifica- 
tion of Senators hereafter provided for. 

Legislative districts — Election of Senators — Term 

[Sec. 2. The City of Baltimore shall be divided into four legislative dis- 
tricts, as near as may be, of equal population and contiguous territory, and 
each of said legislative districts of Baltimore City, as they may from time to time 
be laid out, in accordance with the provisions hereof, and each county in the 
State shall be entitled to one Senator, who shall be elected by the qualified 
voters of the said legislative districts of Baltimore City, and of the counties 



294 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

of the State, respectively, and shall serve for four years from the date of his 
election, subject to the classification of Senators hereafter provided for.] ^ 

Representation in Hoiise 

Sec. 3. Until the taking and publishing of the next National Census, or 
until the enumeration of the population of this State, under the authority 
thereof, the several counties and the City of Baltimore, shall have a repre- 
sentation in the House of Delegates, as follows : Allegany, five Delegates ; 
Anne Amndel County, three Delegates ; Baltimore County, six Delegates ; each 
of the three Legislative Districts of the City of Baltimore, six Delegates ; 
Calvert County, two Delegates ; Caroline County, two Delegates ; Carroll 
County, four Delegates ; Cecil County, four Delegates ; Charles County, two 
Delegates ; Dorchester County, three Delegates ; Frederick County, six Dele- 
gates ; Harford County, four Delegates ; Howard County, two Delegates ; 
Kent County, two Delegates ; Montgomery County, three Delegates ; Prince 
George's County, three Delegates ; Queen Anne's County, two Delegates ; 
St. Mary's County, two Delegates ; Somerset County, three Delegates ; Talbot 
County, two Delegates ; Washington County, five Delegates ; and Worcester 
County, three Delegates.^ 

Basis of representation in House — Legislative districts in Baltimore City may be 

changed 

Sec. 4- As soon as may be after the taking and publishing of the next Na- 
tional Census, or after the enumeration of the population of this State, under 
the authority thereof, there shall be an apportionment of representation in the 
House of Delegates, to be made on the following basis, to wit : Each of the 
several Counties of the State having a population of eighteen thousand souls, or 
less, shall be entitled to two Delegates, and every County having a population 
of over eighteen thousand, and less than twenty-eight thousand souls, shall be 

1 Thus amended by Act of 1900, Chapter 469, ratified by the people at November 
election, 1901. 

2 Under the State Census authorized by the Act of 1901 (Special Session), and by the 
amendment to Sec. 2, the allotment of representation of the several counties in the House 
of Delegates is as follows : Allegany County, five ; Anne Arundel County, four ; Baltimore 
County, six ; Calvert County, two ; Caroline County, two ; Carroll County, four ; Cecil 
County, three ; Charles County, two ; Dorchester County, four ; Frederick County, five ; 
Garrett County, two ; Harford County, four ; Howard County, two ; Kent County, 
two ; Montgomery County, four ; Prince George's County, four ; Queen Anne's County, 
three ; Somerset County, three ; St. Mary's County, two ; Talbot County, three ; Washing- 
ton County, five ; Wicomico County, three ; Worcester County, three ; and Baltimore City, 
twenty-four delegates. Total, loi. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 295 

entitled to three Delegates ; and every County having a population of twenty- 
eight thousand, and less than forty thousand souls, shall be entitled to four 
Delegates ; and every County having a population of forty thousand, and less 
than fifty-five thousand souls, shall be entitled to five Delegates ; and every 
County having a population of fifty-five thousand souls, and upwards, shall be 
entitled to six Delegates, and no more ; and each of the three Legislative 
Districts of the City of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of Delegates 
to which the largest County shall or may be entitled, under the aforegoing 
apportionment. And the General Assembly shall have power to provide by 
law, from time to time, for altering and changing the boundaries of the three 
existing Legislative Districts of the City of Baltimore, so as to make them, as 
near as may be, of equal population; but said Districts shall always consist of 
contiguous territory. 

Basis of repi'esentatio7i — Legislative districts in Baltimore City may he changed 

[Sec. 4. As soon as may be, after the taking and publishing of the Na- 
tional Census of 1900, or after the enumeration of the population of this State, 
under the authority thereof, there shall be an apportionment of representation 
in the House of Delegates, to be made on the following basis, to wit : Each of 
the several counties of the State, having a population of eighteen thousand 
souls or less, shall be entitled to two delegates ; and every county having a 
population of over eighteen thousand and less than twenty-eight thousand 
souls, shall be entitled to three delegates ; and every county having a popula- 
tion of twenty-eight thousand and less than forty thousand souls, shall be 
entitled to four delegates ; and every county having a population of forty thou- 
sand and less than fifty-five thousand souls, shall be entitled to five delegates ; 
and every county having a population of fifty-five thousand souls and upwards, 
shall be entitled to six delegates and no more ; and each of the Legislative 
Districts of the City of Baltimore shall be entitled to the number of delegates 
to which the largest county shall or may be entitled under the aforegoing 
apportionment, and the General Assembly shall have the power to provide by 
law, from time to time, for altering and changing the boundaries of the exist- 
ing legislative districts of the City of Baltimore, so as to make them as near 
as may be of equal population ; but said district shall always consist of con- 
tiguous territory.] ^ 

Governor to arrange representation — Proclamation 

Sec. 5. Immediately after the taking and publishing of the next National 
Census, or after any State enumeration of population, as aforesaid, it shall be 

1 Thus amended by Act of 1900, Chapter 432, ratified by the people at November elec- 
tion, 1 901. 



296 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

the duty of the Governor, then being, to arrange the representation in said 
House of Delegates in accordance with the apportionment herein provided 
for ; and to declare, by Proclamation, the number of Delegates to which each 
County and the City of Baltimore may be entitled under such apportionment ; 
and after every National Census taken thereafter, or after any State enumera- 
tion of population, thereafter made, it shall be the duty of the Governor, for 
the time being, to make similar adjustment of representation, and to declare 
the same by Proclamation, as aforesaid. 

Electio7i of delegates — Term 

Sec. 6. The members of the House of Delegates shall be elected by the 
qualified voters of the Counties, and the Legislative Districts of Baltimore 
City, respectively, to serve for two years from the day of their election. 

Time of election 
Sec. 7. The first election for Senators and Delegates shall take place on 
the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen 
hundred and sixty-seven ; and the election for Delegates, and as nearly as 
practicable, for one-half of the Senators shall be held on the same day in 
every second year thereafter. 

Classification of Senators 

Sec. 8. Immediately after the Senate shall have convened, after the first 
election, under this Constitution, the Senators, shall be divided by lot into 
two classes, as nearly equal in number as may be. Senators of the first class 
shall go out of ofiice at the expiration of two years, and Senators shall be 
elected on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of Novem- 
ber, eighteen hundred and sixty-nine, for the term of four years, to supply 
their places ; so that, after the first election, one-half of the Senators may be 
chosen every second year. In case the number of Senators be hereafter in- 
creased, such classification of the additional Senators shall be made as to pre- 
serve, as nearly as may be, an equal number in each class. 

Qualifications of Senators and delegates 

Sec. 9. No person shall be eligible as a Senator or Delegate who, at the 
time of his election, is not a citizen of the State of Maryland, and who has 
not resided therein for at least three years next preceding the day of his elec- 
tion, and the last year thereof, in the County, or in the Legislative District of 
Baltimore City, which he may be chosen to represent, if such County or Legis- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 297 

lative District of said City sliall have been so long established ; and if not, 
then in the County or City, from which, in whole or in part, the same may 
have been formed ; nor shall any person be eligible as a Senator unless he 
shall have attained the age of twenty-five years, nor as a Delegate unless he 
shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, at the time of his election. 

Ineligibles 

Sec. 10. No member of Congress, or person holding any civil or military 
office under the United States shall be eligible as a Senator or Delegate ; and 
if any person shall, after his election as Senator or Delegate, be elected to Con- 
gress, or be appointed to any office, civil or military, under the Government of 
the United States, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. 

Ineligibles 

Sec. II. No Minister or Preacher of the Gospel, or of any religious creed 
or denomination, and no person holding any civil office of profit or trust under 
this State, except Justices of the Peace, shall be eligible as Senator or Delegate. 

Defaulters ineligible 

Sec. 12. No Collector, Receiver or holder of pubhc money shall be eligi- 
ble as Senator or Delegate, or to any office of profit or trust under this State, 
until he shall have accounted for and paid into the Treasury all sums on the 
books thereof charged to and due by him. 

Vacancies 

Sec. 13. In case of death, disqualification, resignation, refusal to act, expul- 
sion, or removal from the county or city for which he shall have been elected, 
of any person who shall have been chosen as a Delegate or Senator, or in case 
of a tie between two or more such qualified persons, a warrant of election shall 
be issued by the Speaker of the House of Delegates, or President of the Senate, 
as the case may be, for the election of another person in his place, of which 
election not less than ten days' notice shall be given, exclusive of the day of 
the publication of the notice and of the day of election ; and if during the 
recess of the Legislature, and more than ten days before its termination, such 
death shall occur, or such resignation, refusal to act or disqualification be com- 
municated in writing to the Governor by the person so resigning, refusing or 
disqualified, it shall be the duty of the Governor to issue a warrant of election 
to supply the vacancy thus created, in the same manner the said Speaker or 
President might have done during the session of the General Assembly ; pro- 



298 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

vided, however, that unless a meeting of the General Assembly may intervene, 
the election thus ordered to fill such vacancy shall be held on the day of the 
ensuing election for Delegates and Senators. 

Time of meeting of Legislature 

Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of 
January, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight, and on the same day in every sec- 
ond year thereafter, and at no other time, unless convened by Proclamation 
of the Governor. 

Limit of sessions — Compensations — Mileage — Extra sessions 

Sec. 15. The General Assembly may continue its session so long as in its 
judgment the public interest may require, for a period not longer than ninety 
days ; and each member thereof shall receive a compensation of five dollars 
per diem for every day he shall attend the session, but not for such days as 
he may be absent, unless absent on account of sickness or by leave of the 
House of which he is a member ; and he shall also receive such mileage as 
may be allowed by law, not exceeding twenty cents per mile ; and the presid- 
ing officer of each House shall receive an additional compensation of three 
dollars per day. When the General Assembly shall be convened by Procla- 
mation of the Governor, the session shall not continue longer than thirty days, 
and in such case the compensation shall be the same as herein prescribed. 

Books not to be purchased 

Sec. 16. No book or other printed matter, not appertaining to the business 
of the session, shall be purchased or subscribed for, for the use of the mem- 
bers of the General Assembly, or be distributed among them, at the public 
expense. 

Disqualifications 

Sec. 17. No Senator or Delegate, after qualifying as such, notwithstanding 
he may thereafter resign, shall during the whole period of time for which he 
was elected be eligible to any office which shall have been created, or the 
salary or profits of which shall have been increased, during such term. 

Freedom of debate 

Sec. 18. No Senator or Delegate shall be liable in any civil action or crimi- 
nal prosecution whatever for words spoken in debate. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 299 

Ptnve7-s of each House 

Sec. 19. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and elections of 
its members, as prescribed by the Constitution and Laws of the State ; shall 
appoint its own officers, determine the rules of its own proceedmgs, punish a 
member for disorderly or disrespectful behavior, and with the consent of two- 
thirds of its whole number of members elected, expel a member ; but no mem- 
ber shall be expelled a second time for the same offense. 

Quoj'iiiii 

Sec. 20. A majority of the whole number of members elected to each House 
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business ; but a smaller num- 
ber may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent mem- 
bers in such manner and under such penalties as each House may prescribe. 

Sessions to be open 

Sec. 21. The doors of each House and of the Committee of the Whole 
shall be open, except when the business is such as ought to be kept secret. 

Journals to be published — Yeas and nays 

Sec. 22. Each House shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and cause the 
same to be published. The yeas and nays of members on any question shall 
at the call of any five of them in the House of Delegates, or one in the Senate, 
be entered on the Journal. 

Disordei-ly persons 

Sec. 23. Each House may punish by imprisonment during the session of 
the General Assembly, any person not a member, for disrespectful or disorderly 
behavior in its presence, or for obstructing any of the proceedings or any of its 
officers in the execution of their duties ; provided, such imprisonment shall 
not at any one time exceed ten days. 

Powers of House — Grand inquest — May call for persons and papers — Contracts 

Sec. 24. The House of Delegates may inquire, on the oath of witnesses, 
into all complaints, grievances and oiTenses, as the Grand Inquest of the 
State, and may commit any person for any crime to the public jail, there to 
remain until discharged by due course of law. They may examine and pass 
all accounts of the State, relating either to the collection or expenditure of the 
revenue, and appoint auditors to state and adjust the same. They may call for 



300 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

all public or official papers and records, and send for persons whom they may 
judge necessary, in the course of their inquiries, concerning affairs relating to 
the public interest, and may direct all office bonds which shall be made pay- 
able to the State to be sued for any breach thereof; and with the view to the 
more certain prevention or correction of the abuses in the expenditures of the 
money of the State, the General Assembly shall create, at every session 
thereof a Joint Standing Committee of the Senate and House of Delegates ; 
who shall have power to send for persons and examine them on oath and call 
for public and official papers and records ; and whose duty it shall be to 
examine and report upon all contracts made for printing, stationery, and pur- 
chases for the public offices and the Hbrary, and all expenditures therein, and 
upon all matters of alleged abuse in expenditures, to which their attention 
may be called by resolution of either House of the General Assembly. 

Adjournment 

Sec. 25. Neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for 
more than three days at any one time, nor adjourn to any other place than 
that in which the House shall be sitting, without the concurrent vote of two- 
thirds of the members present. 

Iijipeachment 

Sec. 26. The House of Delegates shall have the sole power of impeach- 
ment in all cases ; but a majority of all the members elected must concur in 
the impeachment. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate, and when 
sitting for that purpose the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation to do 
justice according to the law and the evidence ; but no person shall be con- 
victed without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Senators elected. 

Bills 

Sec. 27. Any bill may originate in either House of the General Assembly, 
and be altered, amended or rejected by the other ; but no bill shall originate 
in either House during the last ten days of the session, unless two-thirds of 
the members elected thereto shall so determine by yeas and nays ; nor shall 
any bill become a law until it be read on three different days of the session 
in each House, unless two-thirds of the members elected to the House where 
such bill is pending shall so determine by yeas and nays ; and no bill shall 
be read a third time until it shall have been actually engrossed for a third 
reading. 

Passage of bills 

Sec. 28. No bill shall become a law unless it be passed in each House by 
a majority of the whole number of members elected, and on its final passage 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 301 

the yeas and nays be recorded ; nor shall any resolution requiring the action 
of both Houses be passed except in the same manner. 

Style of laws — Mode of enactment — Limitations 

Sec. 29. The style of all laws of this State shall be, " Be it enacted by the 
General Assembly of Maryland," and all laws shall be passed by original bill ; 
and every law enacted by the General Assembly shall embrace but one sub- 
ject, and that shall be described in its title ; and no law, nor section of law, 
shall be revived or amended by reference to its title or section only, nor shall 
any law be construed by reason of its title to grant powers or confer rights 
which are not expressly contained in the body of the Act ; and it shall be the 
duty of the General Assembly, in amending any article or section of the Code 
of Laws of this State, to enact the same as the said article or section would 
read when amended. And whenever the General Assembly shall enact any 
Public General Law, not amendatory of any section or article in the said Code, 
it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to enact the same, in articles and 
sections, in the same manner as the Code is arranged, and to provide for the 
publication of all additions and alterations which may be made to the said 
Code. 

Bills to be signed by Governor — Lazvs to be recorded in the- Court of Appeals 

Sec. 30. Every bill, when passed by the General Assembly, and sealed with 
the Great Seal, shall be presented to the Governor, who, if he approves it, 
shall sign the same in the presence of the presiding officers and chief clerks 
of the Senate and House of Delegates. Every law shall be recorded in the 
office of the Court of Appeals, and in due time be printed, published and certi- 
fied under the Great Seal, to the several courts, in the same manner as has 
been heretofore usual in this State. 

When laivs take effect 

Sec. 31. No law passed by the General Assembly shall take effect until the 
first day of June next after the session at which it may be passed, unless it be 
otherwise expressly declared therein. 

Appropriations — Contingent fund — Financial statement to be published with 

laws 

Sec. 32. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the State by any 
order or resolution, nor except in accordance with an appropriation by law ; 
and every such law shall distinctly specify the sum appropriated and the object 



302 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

to which it shall be applied ; provided that nothing herein contained shall pre- 
vent the General Assembly from placing a contingent fund at the disposal of 
the Executive, who shall report to the General Assembly at each session the 
amount expended, and the purposes to which it was applied. An accurate 
statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be 
attached to and published with the laws after each regular session of the 
General Assembly. 

Special laios prohibited 

Sec. ^'if. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any 
of the following enumerated cases, viz. : For extending the time for the collec- 
tion of taxes, granting divorces, changing the name of any person, providing 
for the sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons laboring under 
legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees, giving 
effect to informal or invalid deeds or wills, refunding money paid into the 
State Treasury, or releasing persons from their debts or obligations to the 
State, unless recommended by the Governor or officers of the Treasury Depart- 
ment. And the General Assembly shall pass no special law for any case for which 
provision has been made by an existing general law. The General Assembly 
at its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, shall pass general 
laws providing for the cases enumerated in this section which are not already 
adequately provided for, and for all other cases where a General Law can be 
made applicable. 

Debts regulated — Credit of the State not to be given — Public debt — Temporary 

deficiencies 

Sec. 34. No debt shall be hereafter contracted by the General Assembly 
unless such debt shall be authorized by a law providing for the collection 
of an annual tax or taxes sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls 
due, and also to discharge the principal thereof within fifteen years from the 
time of contracting the same ; and the taxes laid for this purpose shall not be 
repealed or applied to any other object until the said debt and interest thereon 
shall be fully discharged. The credit of the State shall not in any manner be 
given, or loaned to, or in aid of any individual association or corporation ; nor 
shall the General Assembly have the power in any mode to involve the State 
in the construction of Works of Internal Improvement, nor in granting any 
aid thereto, which shall involve the faith or credit of the State ; nor make any 
appropriation therefor, except in aid of the construction of Works of Internal 
Improvement in the counties of St. Mary's, Charles and Calvert, which have 
had no direct advantage from such works as have been heretofore aided by 
the State ; and provided that such aid, advances or appropriations shall not 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 303 

exceed in the aggregate the sum of five hundred thousand dollars. And they 
shall not use or appropriate the proceeds of the Internal Improvement Com- 
panies, or of the State tax, now levied, or which may hereafter be levied, to 
pay olT the public debt [or] to any other purpose until the interest and debt 
are fully paid or the sinking fund shall be equal to the amount of the outstand- 
ing debt; but the General Assembly may, without laying a tax, borrow an 
amount never to exceed fifty thousand dollars to meet temporary deficiencies 
in the Treasury, and may contract debts to any amount that may be necessary 
for the defense of the State. 

Extra compensation prohibited 

Sec. 35. No extra compensation shall be granted or allowed by the General 
Assembly to any Public Officer, Agent, Servant or Contractor, after the service 
shall have been rendered, or the contract entered into ; nor shall the salary or 
compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term 
of office. 

Lotteries proJi ibited 

Sec. 36. No Lottery grant shall ever hereafter be authorized by the General 

Assembly. 

Slaves 

Sec. 37. The General Assembly shall pass no Law providing for payment 
by the State for Slaves emancipated from servitude in this State ; but they 
shall adopt such measures as they may deem expedient to obtain from the 
United States compensation for such Slaves, and to receive and distribute the 
same equitably to the persons entitled. 

Sec. 38. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. 

Batiks 

Sec. 39. The General Assembly shall grant no charter for Banking pur- 
poses, nor renew any Banking Corporation now in existence, except upon the 
condition that the Stockholders shall be liable to the amount of their respective 
share or shares of stock in such Banking Institution, for all its debts and liabili- 
ties upon note, bill or otherwise ; the books, papers and accounts of all Banks 
shall be open to inspection under such regulations as may be prescribed by 
Law. 

Compensation for property taken for p7iblic use 

Sec. 40. The General Assembly shall enact no Law authorizing private 
property to be taken for public use, without just compensation as agreed upon 
between the parties, or awarded by a jury, being first paid or tendered to the 
party entitled to such compensation. 



304 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Duellists 

Sec. 41. Any Citizen of this State who shall, after the adoption of this 
Constitution, either in or out of this State, fight a duel with deadly weapons, 
or send or accept a challenge so to do, or who shall act as a second, or know- 
ingly aid or assist in any manner those offending, shall ever thereafter be 
incapable of holding any office of profit or trust under this State, unless 
relieved from the disability by an Act of the Legislature. 

Elections 

Sec. 42. The General Assembly shall pass Laws necessary for the pres- 
ervation of the purity of elections. 

Wife's property protected 

Sec. 43. The property of the wife shall be protected from the debts of her 
husband. 

Exemption 

Sec. 44. Laws shall be passed by the General Assembly to protect from 
execution a reasonable amount of the property of the debtor, not exceeding in 
value the sum of five hundred dollars. 



Compensation of clerks and registers 

Sec. 45. The General Assembly shall provide a simple and uniform 
system of charges in the offices of Clerks of Courts and Registers of Wills, in 
the Counties of this State and the City of Baltimore, and for the collection 
thereof ; provided, the amount of compensation to any of the said officers in 
the various Counties shall not exceed the sum of three thousand dollars a year, 
and in the City of Baltimore thirty-five hundred dollars a year, over and above 
office expenses, and compensation to assistants ; and provided further that 
such compensation of Clerks, Registers, assistants and office expenses shall 
always be paid out of the fees or receipts of the offices, respectively. 

Grants from United States 

Sec. 46. The General Assembly shall have power to receive from the 
United States any grant or donation of land, money, or securities for any pur- 
pose designated by the United States, and shall administer or distribute the 
same according to the conditions of the said orrant. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 305 



Contested elections 

Sec. 47. The General Assembly shall make provisions for all cases of con- 
tested elections of any of the officers, not herein provided for. 

Corporations 

Sec. 48. Corporations may be formed under general Laws ; but shall not 
be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and except in cases 
where no general Laws exist, providing for the creation of Corporations of the 
same general character, as the corporation proposed to be created ; and any 
act of incorporation passed in violation of this section shall be void. And as 
soon as practicable, after the adoption of this Constitution, it shall be the duty 
of the Governor to appoint three persons learned in the Law, whose duty it 
shall be to prepare drafts of general Laws, providing for the creation of corpo- 
rations, in such cases as may be proper, and for all other cases, where a general 
Law can be made ; and for revising and amending, so far as may be necessary 
or expedient, the General Laws which may be in existence on the first day of 
June, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, providing for the creation of corpora- 
tions, and for other purposes ; and such drafts of Laws shall by said commis- 
sioners, be submitted to the General Assembly, at its first meeting, for its 
action thereon; and each of said commissioners shall receive a compensation 
of five hundred dollars for his services, as such commissioner. 

All Charters granted or adopted in pursuance of this section, and all Charters 
heretofore granted and created, subject to repeal or modification, may be 
altered, from time to time, or be repealed ; provided, nothing herein contained 
shall be construed to extend to Banks, or the incorporation thereof. 

Corporations 

[Sec. 48. Corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be 
created by special act, except for municipal purposes and except in cases where 
no general Laws exist, providing for the creation of corporations of the same 
general character as the corporation proposed to be created, and any act of 
incorporation passed in violation of this section shall be void ; all. charters 
granted or adopted in pursuance of this section, and all charters heretofore 
granted and created subject to repeal or modification, may be altered from 
time to time, or be repealed ; provided, nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued to extend to banks or the incorporation thereof; the General Assembly 
shall not alter or amend the charter of any corporation existing at the time of 
the adoption of this Article, or pass any other general or special Law for the 
benefit of such corporation except upon the condition that such corporation 



306 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

shall surrender all claim to exemption from taxation or from the repeal or 
modification of its charter, and that such corporation shall thereafter hold its 
charter subject to the provisions of this Constitution ; and any corporation 
chartered by this State which shall accept, use, enjoy or in any wise avail 
itself of any rights, privileges, or advantages that may hereafter be granted or 
conferred by any general or special Act, shall be conclusively presumed to have 
thereby surrendered any exemption from taxation to which it may be entitled 
under its charter, and shall be thereafter subject to taxation as if no such 
exemption has been granted by its charter.] ^ 

Elections 

Sec. 49. The General Assembly shall have power to regulate by law, not 
inconsistent with this Constitution, all matters which relate to the Judges of 
Election, time, place and manner of holding elections in this State, and of 
makino; returns thereof. 



Bribery — Punishment — Evidence — Disqualification 

Sec. 50. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly at its first session, 
held after the adoption of this Constitution, to provide by Law for the punish- 
ment, by fine, or imprisonment in the Penitentiary or both, in the discretion 
of the Court, of any person who shall bribe or attempt to bribe any Executive, 
or Judicial officer of the State of Maryland, or any member, or officer of the 
General Assembly of the State of Maryland, or of any Municipal Corporation 
in the State of Maryland, or any Executive ofificer of such corporation, in 
order to influence him in the performance of any of his of^cial duties ; and 
also, to provide by Law for the punishment, by fine, or imprisonment in the 
Penitentiary, or both, in the discretion of the Court, of any of said officers, 
or members, who shall demand or receive any bribe, fee, reward or testimonial 
for the performance of his official duties, or for neglecting or failing to perform 
the same, and also, to provide by Law for compelling any person so bribing, 
or attempting to bribe, or so demanding or receiving a bribe, fee, reward or 
testimonial, to testify against any person or persons who may have committed 
any of said offenses ; provided, that any person so compelled to testify shall be 
exempted from trial and punishment for the offense of which he may have 
been guilty ; and any person convicted of such oiTense shall, as part of the 
punishment thereof, be forever disfranchised and disqualified from holding any 
office of trust or profit in this State. 

1 As amended by Charter 195, Acts of 1890, ratified by the people November 3, 1891. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 307 

Taxation of personal property 

Sec. 51. The personal property of residents of this State shall be subject 
to taxation in the county or city where the resident bojiafide resides for the 
greater part of the year, for which the tax may or shall be levied, and not else- 
where, except goods and chattels permanently located, which shall be taxed 
in the city or county where they are so located. 

Taxation of personal property 

[Sec. 51. The personal property of residents of this State shall be subject 
to taxation in the county or city where the resident bona fide resides for the 
greater part of the year for which the tax may or shall be levied, and not else- 
where, except goods and chattels permanently located, which shall be taxed in 
the city or county where they are so located, but the General Assembly may 
by law provide for the taxation or mortgages upon property in' this State and 
the debts secured thereby in the county or city where such property is 
situated.] ^ 

Private claims 

Sec. 52. The General Assembly shall appropriate no money out of the 
Treasury for payment of any private claim against the State exceeding three 
hundred dollars, unless said claim shall have been first presented to the Comp- 
troller of the Treasury, together with the proofs upon which the same is 
founded, and reported upon by him. 

Witnesses 

Sec. 53. No person shall be incompetent, as a witness, on account of race 
or color, unless hereafter so declared by Act of the General Assembly. 

Counties forbidden to contract debts without authority 

Sec. 54. No County of this State shall contract any debt, or obligation, in 
the construction of any Railroad, Canal, or other Work of Internal Improve- 
ment, nor give, or loan its credit to or in aid of any association, or corporation, 
unless authorized by an Act of the General Assembly, which shall be published 
for two months before the next election for members of the House of Dele- 
gates in the newspapers published in such County, and shall also be approved 
by a majority of all the members elected to each House of the General 
Assembly, at its next session after said election. 

1 Thus amended by Chapter 426, Acts of 1890, ratified by the people November 3, 1891. 



308 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Habeas Corpus 

Sec. 55. The General Assembly shall pass no law suspending the privilege 
of the Writ of Habeas Corpus. 

Powers of Assembly 

Sec. 56. The General Assembly shall have power to pass all such Laws as 
may be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the powers vested by 
this Constitution, in any Department or office of the Government, and the 
duties imposed upon them thereby. 

Interest 

Sec. 57. The Legal rate of Interest shall be six per cent, per anniiniy 
unless otherwise provided by the General Assembly. 

Foreign corporations 

Sec. 58. The Legislature, at its first session after the ratification of this 
Constitution, shall provide by Law for State and municipal taxation upon the 
revenues accruing from business done in the State by all foreign corporations. 

Pension system abolished 

Sec. 59. The office of " State Pension Commissioner " is hereby abol- 
ished ; and the Legislature shall pass no law creating such office, or establish- 
ing any general pension system within this State. 



ARTICLE IV 

JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT 

Part I. — General Provisions 

Courts — Justices of the Peace 

Section i . The Judicial power of this State shall be vested in a Court of 
Appeals, Circuit Courts, Orphans' Courts, such Courts for the City of Baltimore 
as are hereinafter provided for, and Justices of the Peace ; all said Courts shall 
be Courts of Record, and each shall have a seal to be used in the authentica- 
tion of all process issuing therefrom. The process and official character of 
Justices of the Peace shall be authenticated as hath heretofore been practiced 
in this State, or may hereafter be prescribed by Law. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 



309 



Qualifications of Judges 

Sec. 2. The Judges of all of the said Courts shall be citizens of the State 
of Maryland, and qualified voters under this Constitution, and shall have resided 
therein not less than five years, and not less than six months next preceding 
their election or appointment in the judicial circuit, as the case may be, for 
which they may be respectively elected or appointed. They shall be not less 
than thirty years of age at the time of their election or appointment, and shall 
be selected from those who have been admitted to practice Law in this State, 
and who are most distinguished for integrity, wisdom and sound legal knowledge. 

Election of Judges — Term of office — Reti7'ement 

Sec. 3. The Judges of the said several Courts shall be elected in the Coun- 
ties by the qualified voters in their respective Judicial Circuits as hereinafter 
provided, at the general election to be held on the Tuesday after the first 
Monday in November next, and in the City of Baltimore, on the fourth 
Wednesday of October next. Each of the said Judges shall hold his office 
for the term of fifteen years from the time of his election, and until his suc- 
cessor is elected and qualified, or until he shall have attained the age of 
seventy years, whichever may first happen, and be re-eligible thereto until he 
shall have attained the age of seventy years, and not after; but in case of 
any Judge who shall attain the age of seventy years whilst in office, such 
Judge may be continued in office by the General Assembly for such further 
time as they may think fit, not to exceed the term for which he was elected, 
by a resolution to be passed at the session next preceding his attaining said 
age. In case of the inability of any of said Judges to discharge his duties 
with efficiency, by reason of continued sickness, or of physical or mental 
infirmity, it shall be in the power of the General Assembly, two-thirds of the 
members of each House concurring, with the approval of the Governor, to retire 
said Judge from office. 

Removal of Judges 

Sec. 4. Any Judge shall be removed from office by the Governor, on con- 
viction in a Court of Law, of incompetency, of willful neglect of duty, misbe- 
havior in office or any other crime, or on impeachment, according to this 
Constitution, or the Laws of the State; or on the address of the General 
Assembly, two-thirds of each House concurring in such address, and the 
accused having been notified of the charges against him, and having had 
opportunity of making his defense. 

Sec. 5. After the election for Judges, to be held as above mentioned, upon 
the expiration of the term, or in case of the death, resignation, removal, or 



3IO LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

other disqualification of any Judge, the Governor shall appoint a person duly 
qualified to fill said office, who shall hold the same until the next general 
election for members of the General Assembly, when a successor shall be 
elected, whose tenure of office shall be the same, as hereinbefore provided; 
but if the vacancy shall occur in the City of Baltimore, the time of election 
shall be the fourth Wednesday in October following. 

Election of Judges — Appointment by Governor 

[Sec. 5. After the election for Judges, as hereinbefore provided, there shall 
be held in this State, in every fifteenth year thereafter, on the Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November of such year, an election for Judges as herein 
provided ; and in case of death, resignation, removal or disqualification by 
reason of age or otherwise of any Judge, the Governor shall appoint a person 
duly qualified to fill said office, who shall hold the same until the next General 
Election for members of the General Assembly, when a successor shall be 
elected, whose term of office shall be the same as hereinbefore provided, and 
upon the expiration of the term of fifteen years for which any Judge may be 
elected to fill a vacancy, an election for his successor shall take place at the 
next General Election for members of the General Assembly to occur upon or 
after the expiration of his said term ; and the Governor shall appoint a person 
duly qualified to hold said office from the expiration of such term of fifteen 
years until the election and qualification of his successor.] ^ 

Duties 

Sec. 6. All Judges shall, by virtue of their offices, be Conservators of the 
Peace throughout the State ; and no fees, or perquisites, commission or reward 
of any kind, shall be allowed to any Judge in this State, besides his annual 
salary, for the discharge of any Judicial duty. 

Disqualifications 

Sec. 7. No Judge shall sit in any case wherein he may be interested, or 
where either of the parties may be connected with him by affinity or consan- 
guinity within such degrees as now are or may hereafter be prescribed by Law, 
or where he shall have been of counsel in the case. 

Sec. 8. The parties to any cause may submit the same to the court for 
determination, without the aid of a jury ; and the Judge, or Judges of any 
Court of this State, except the Court of Appeals, shall order and direct the 

1 Thus amended by Act of 1880, ch. 417, ratified by the people at November election, 
1881. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 31I 

record of proceedings in any suit or action, issue or petition, presentment or 
indictment, pending in such court, to be transmitted to some other court, (and 
of a dilferent circuit, if the party applying shall so elect,) having jurisdiction 
in such cases, whenever any party to such cause or the counsel of any party, 
shall make a suggestion, in writing, supported by the affidavit of such party or 
his counsel, or other proper evidence, that the party cannot have a fair or 
impartial trial in the court in which suit, or action, issue or petition, present- 
ment or indictment is pending, or when the Judges of said court shall be dis- 
qualified under the provisions of this Constitution to sit in any such suit, 
action, issue or petition, presentment or indictment; and the General Assem- 
bly shall make such modifications of existing Law as may be necessary to 
regulate and give force to this provision. 



Trial without j toy — Removal of cases 

[Sec. 8. The parties to any cause may submit the same to the Court for 
determination without the aid of a Jury and in all suits or actions at law, 
issues from the Orphans' Court or from any Court sitting in Equity, and in 
all cases of presentments or indictments for offences which are or may be 
punishable by death pending in any of the Courts of Law of this State having 
jurisdiction thereof, upon suggestion in writing under oath of either of the 
parties to said proceedings, that such party cannot have a fair and impartial 
trial in the Court in which the same may be pending, the said Court shall 
order and direct the Record of Proceedings in such Suit or Action, Issue, 
Presentment or Indictment, to be transmitted to some other Court having 
jurisdiction in such case, for trial ; but in all other cases of Presentment or 
Indictment pending in any of the Courts of Law in this State having jurisdic- 
tion thereof, in addition to the suggestion in writing of either of the parties to 
such Presentment or Indictment that such party cannot have a fair and 
impartial trial in the Court in which the same may be pending, it shall be 
necessary for the party making such suggestion to make it satisfactorily 
appear to the Court that such suggestion is true, or that there is reasonable 
ground for the same ; and thereupon the said Court shall order and direct the 
Record of Proceedings in such Presentment or Indictment to be transmitted 
to some other Court having jurisdiction in such cases for trial ; and such right 
of removal shall exist upon suggestion in cases when all the Judges of said 
Court may be disqualified, under the provisions of this Constitution to sit in 
any case ; and said court to which the Record of Proceedings in such Suit or 
Action, Issue, Presentment or Indictment may be so transmitted, shall hear 
and determine the same in like manner as if such Suit or Action, Issue, Pre- 
sentment or Indictment has been originally instituted therein ; and the General 



312 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Assembly shall make such modification of existing law as may be necessary to 
regulate and give force to this provision.] ^ 

Officers of Court ; how appointed 

Sec. 9. The Judge or Judges of any Court may appoint such officers for 
their respective Courts as may be found necessary ; and such officers of the 
Courts in the City of Baltimore shall be appointed by the Judges of the Su- 
preme Bench of Baltimore City. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly 
to prescribe by law a fixed compensation for all such officers, and said Judge 
or Judges shall from time to time investigate the expenses, costs and charges 
of their respective Courts, with a view to a change or reduction thereof, and 
report the result of such investigation to the General Assembly for its action. 

Records — Fees — Visitorial po"ver — Rules 

Sec. 10. The Clerks of the several Courts created or continued by this 
Constitution shall have charge and custody of the records and other papers ; 
shall perform all the duties, and be allowed the fees which appertain to their 
several offices, as the same now are or may hereafter be regulated by law. 
And the office and business of said Clerks, in all their departments, shall be 
subject to the visitorial power of the Judges of their respective Courts, who 
shall exercise the same, from time to time, so as to insure the faithful perform- 
ance of the duties of said offices ; and it shall be the duty of the Judges of 
said Courts, respectively, to make from time to time such rules and regula- 
tions as may be necessary and proper for the government of said Clerks, and 
for the performance of the duties of their offices, which shall have the force of 
law until repealed or modified by the General Assembly. 

Election returns — Conwiissions 

Sec. ir. The election for Judges hereinbefore provided, and all elections 
for Clerks, Registers of Wills and other officers provided in this Constitution, 
except State's Attorneys, shall be certified, and the returns made by the 
Clerks of the Circuit Courts of the Counties, and the Clerk of the Superior 
Court of Baltimore City, respectively, to the Governor, who shall issue com- 
missions to the different persons for the offices to which they shall have been, 
respectively, elected ; and in all such elections the person having the greatest 
number of votes shall be declared elected. 

1 Thus amended by Act of 1874, ch. 364, ratified by the people at November election, 
1875- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 



Tie elections 



313 



Sec. 12. If in any case of election for Judges, Clerks of the Courts of Law, 
and Register of Wills, the opposing candidates shall have an equal number of 
votes, it shall be the duty of the Governor to order a new election ; and in 
case of any contested election the Governor shall send the returns to the 
House of Delegates, which shall judge of the election and qualification of the 
candidates at such election, and if the judgment shall be against the one who 
has been returned elected, or the one who has been commissioned by the Gov- 
ernor, the House of Delegates shall order a new election within thirty days. 

Style of Commissions 

Sec. 13. All Public Commissions and Grants shall run thus: ''The State 
of Maryland, &c.," and shall be signed by the Governor, with the Seal of the 
State annexed ; all writs and process shall run in the same style, and be 
tested, sealed and signed as heretofore, or as may hereafter be provided by 
law ; and all indictments shall conclude, " against the peace, government and 
dignity of the State." 

Part II. — Court of Appeals 

Chief Judge — Jurisdiction — Sessions 

Sec. 14. The Court of Appeals shall be composed of the Chief Judges of 
the first seven of the several Judicial Circuits of the State and a Judge from 
the City of Baltimore specially elected thereto, one of whom shall be desig- 
nated by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, as 
the Chief Judge; and in all cases until action by the Senate can be had, the 
Judge so designated by the Governor shall act as Chief Judge. The Judge of 
the Court of Appeals from the City of Baltimore shall be elected by the quali- 
fiied voters of said city at the election of Judges to be held therein, as here- 
inbefore provided ; and in addition to his duties as Judge of the Court of 
Appeals, shall perform such other duties as the General Assembly shall pre- 
scribe. The jurisdiction of said Court of Appeals shall be co-extensive with 
the limits of the State, and such as now is or may hereafter be prescribed by 
Law. It shall hold its sessions in the City of Annapolis, on the first Monday 
in April, and the first Monday in October; [on the second Monday in Janu- 
ary, the first Monday in April and the first Monday in October] ^ of each and 
every year, or at such other times as the General Assembly may by Law direct. 
Its sessions shall continue not less than ten months in the year, if the business 

1 Term thus arranged by Act of 1886, ch. 185. 



314 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

before it shall so require ; and it shall be competent for the Judges tempora- 
rily to transfer their sittings elsewhere upon sufficient cause. 

Quorum — Judge below not to sit — Opinion 

Sec. 15. Four of said Judges shall constitute a quomm ; no cause shall 
be decided without the concurrence of at least three ; but the Judge who 
heard the cause below shall not participate in the decision ; in every case an 
opinion, in writing, shall be filed within three months after the argument or 
submission of the cause ; and the judgment of the court shall be final and 
conclusive ; and all cases shall stand for hearing at the first term after the 
transmission of the record. 

Publication of reports 

Sec. 16. Provision shall be made by law for publishing reports of cases 
argued and determined in the Court of Appeals, which the Judges shall desig- 
nate as proper for publication. 

Clerks — Keinoval — Vacancy 

Sec. 17. There shall be a Clerk of the Court of Appeals, who shall be 
elected by the legal and qualified voters of the State, who shall hold his office 
for six years, and until his successor is duly qualified ; he shall be subject to 
removal by the said Court for incompetency, neglect of duty, misdemeanor 
in office, or such other cause or causes as may be prescribed by law ; and in 
case of a vacancy in the office of said Clerk, the Court of Appeals shall appoint 
a Clerk of said Court, who shall hold his office until election and qualification 
of his successor, who shall be elected at the next general election for mem- 
bers of the General Assembly ; and the person so elected shall hold his office 
for the term of six years from the time of election. 

Rules for Appeals — Record — Practice — . Costs — Rules in Equity 

Sec. 18. It shall be the duty of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, as soon 
after their election under this Constitution as practicable, to make and publish 
rules and regulations for the prosecution of appeals to said appellate court 
whereby they shall prescribe the periods within which appeals may be taken, 
what part or parts of the proceedings in the court below shall constitute the 
record on appeal and the manner in which such appeals shall be brought to 
hearing or determination, and shall regulate, generally, the practice of said 
Court of Appeals so as to prevent delays and promote brevity in all records 
and proceedings brought into said court, and to abolish and avoid all un- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 315 

necessary costs and expenses in the prosecution of appeals therein ; and the 
said Judges shall make such reductions in the fees and expenses of the said 
courts as they may deem advisable. It shall be the duty of said Judges of 
the Court of Appeals, as soon after their election as practicable, to devise and 
promulgate by rules or orders, forms and modes of framing and filing bills, 
answers and other proceedings and pleadings in Equity ; and also forms and 
modes of taking and obtaining evidence, to be used in Equity cases; and to 
revise and regulate, generally, the practice in the Courts of Equity of this 
State, so as to prevent delays, and to promote brevity and conciseness in all 
pleadings and proceedings therein, and to abolish all unnecessary costs and 
expenses attending the same. And all rules and regulations hereby directed 
to be made shall, when made, have the force of Law until rescinded, changed 
or modified by the said Judges, or the General Assembly. 



Part III. — Circuit Courts 

Judicial Circuits 

Sec 19. The state shall be divided into eight Judicial Circuits, in manner 
following, viz.: The Counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester and Wico- 
mico ^ shall constitute the First Circuit; the Counties of Caroline, Talbot, 
Queen Anne's, Kent and Cecil, the Second ; the Counties of Baltimore and 
Harford, the Third ; the Counties of Allegany, Washington and Garrett,'-^ 
the Fourth ; the Counties of Carroll, Howard and Anne Arundel, the Fifth ; 
the Counties of Montgomery and Frederick, the Sixth ; the Counties of Prince 
George's, Charles, Calvert and St. Mary's, the Seventh, and Baltimore City, 
the Eighth. 

County Courts — Jurisdiction 

Sec. 20. A Court shall be held in each County of the State, to be styled 
the Circuit Court for the County in which it may be held. The said Circuit 
Courts shall have and exercise, in the respective Counties, all the power, 
authority and jurisdiction, original and appellate, which the present Circuit 
Courts of this State now have and exercise, or which may hereafter be 
prescribed by Law. 

Chief Judge and two Associates — Residence — Terms — Quortini 

Sec. 21. For each of the said Circuits (excepting the Eighth) there shall 
be a Chief Judge and two Associate Judges, to be styled Judges of the Circuit 

1 Wicomico formed since the adoption of this Constitution. 

2 Garrett formed since the adoption of this Constitution. 



3l6 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Court, to be elected or appointed as herein provided. And no two of said 
Associate Judges shall at the time of their election, or appointment, or during 
the term for which they may have been elected or appointed, reside in the 
same County. If two or more persons shall be candidates for Associate Judge 
in the same County, that one only in said County shall be declared elected 
who has the highest number of votes in the Circuit. In case any two candi- 
dates for Associate Judge, residing in the same County, shall have an equal 
number of votes, greater than any other candidate for Associate Judge in the 
Circuit, it shall be the duty of the Governor to order a new election for one 
Associate Judge ; but the person residing in any other County of the Circuit, 
and who has the next highest number of votes, shall be declared elected. 
The said Judges shall hold not less than two terms of the Circuit Court in 
each of the Counties, composing their respective Circuits, at such times as 
are now, or may hereafter be prescribed, to which Jurors shall be summoned ; 
and in those Counties where only two such terms are held, two other and 
intermediate terms, to which Jurors shall not be summoned ; they may alter 
or fix the times for holding any or all terms, until otherwise prescribed, and 
shall adopt rules to the end that all business not requiring the interposition 
of a Jury shall be, as far as practicable, disposed of at said intermediate terms. 
One Judge in each of the above Circuits shall constitute a quorum for the 
transaction of any business ; and the said Judges, or any of them, may hold 
Special Terms of their Courts, whenever in their discretion, the business 
of the several Counties renders such Terms necessary. 

Court in banc 

Sec. 22. Where any term is held, or trial conducted by less than the whole 
number of said Circuit Judges, upon the decision or determination of any 
point or question by the Court, it shall be competent to the party against 
whom the ruling or decision is made, upon motion, to have the point or 
question reserved for the consideration of the three Judges of the Circuit, 
who shall constitute a Court in banc for such purpose; and the motion for 
such reservation shall be entered of record during the sitting at which such 
decision may be made ; and the several Circuit Courts shall regulate, by 
rules, the mode and manner of presenting such points or questions to the 
Court in banc, and the decision of the said Court in banc shall be the effective 
decision in the premises, and conclusive, as against the party at whose motion 
said points or questions were reserved ; but such decision in banc shall not 
preclude the right of appeal or writ of error to the adverse party in those 
cases, civil or criminal, in which appeal or writ of error to the Court of Appeals 
may be allowed by law. The right of having questions reserved shall not. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 317 

however, apply to trials of Appeals from judgments of Justices of the Peace, 
nor to Criminal cases below the grade of felony, except when the punishment 
is confinement in the penitentiary ; and this section shall be subject to such 
provisions as may hereafter be made by law. 

Opinio jts 

Sec. 23. The Judges of the respective Circuit Courts of this State, and 
of the Courts of Baltimore City, shall render their decisions in all cases 
argued before them or submitted for their judgment, within two months after 
the same shall have been so argued or submitted. 

Salai'ies 

Sec. 24. The salary of each Chief Judge, and of the Judge of the Court of 
Appeals from the City of Baltimore, shall be three thousand five hundred 
dollars, and of each Associate Judge of the Circuit Court, shall be two 
thousand eight hundred dollars per annum payable quarterly, and shall not 
be diminished during his continuance in office.^ 

Clerks 

Sec. 25. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court for each County, who 
shall be elected by a plurality of the qualified voters of said County, and 
shall hold his office for six years from the time of his election, and until his 
successor is elected and qualified, and be re-eligible, subject to be removed 
for willful neglect of duty or other misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a 
Court of Law. In case of a vacancy in the office of Clerk of a Circuit Court, 
the Judges of said Court shall have power to fill such vacancy until the 
general election for Delegates to the General Assembly, to be held next 
thereafter, when a successor shall be elected for the term of six years. 

Deputy Clerks 

Sec. 26. The said Clerks shall appoint, subject to the confirmation of the 
Judges of their respective Courts, as many deputies under them as the said 
Judges shall deem necessary to perform, together with themselves, the duties 
of the said office, who shall be removable by the said judges for incompetency, 
or neglect of duty, and whose compensation shall be according to existing or 
future provisions of the General Assembly. 

1 By the Act of 1892, ch. 388, the salary of the Chief Judges was increased to four 
thousand five hundred dollars, and of the Associate Judges to three thousand six 
hundred dollars per annum. 



3l8 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Part IV. — Courts of Baltimore City 

Cotiris 

Sec. 27. There shall be in the Eighth Judicial Circuit six Courts, to be 
styled the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, the Superior Court of Baltimore 
City, the Court of Common Pleas, the Baltimore City Court, the Circuit Court 
of Baltimore City 1 and the Criminal Court- of Baltimore. 

Jurisdiction 

Sec. 28. The Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common 
Pleas, and the Baltimore City Court ^ shall each have concurrent jurisdiction 
in all civil common law cases, and concurrently all the jurisdiction which the 
Superior Court of Baltimore City and the Court of Common Pleas now have, 
except jurisdiction in Equity, and except in applications for the benefit of the 
Insolvent Laws of Maryland, and in cases of Appeal from judgments of Jus- 
tices of the Peace in said city, whether civil or criminal, or arising under the 
ordinances of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, of all of which appeal 
cases the Baltimore City Court shall have exclusive jurisdiction ; and the said 
Court of Common Pleas shall have exclusive jurisdiction in all applications for 
the benefit of the Insolvent Laws of Maryland, and the supervision and control 
of the Tmstees thereof. 

Jurisdiction of Circuit Court 

Sec. 29. The Circuit Court of Baltimore City shall have exclusive jurisdic- 
tion in Equity within the limits of said city, and all such jurisdiction as the 
present Circuit Court of Baltimore City has ; provided, the said Court shall 
not have jurisdiction in applications for the writ of habeas corpus in cases of 
persons charged with criminal offenses. 

Jurisdiction of Criminal Court 

Sec. 30. The Criminal Court of Baltimore shall have and exercise all the 
jurisdiction now held and exercised by the Criminal Court of Baltimore, 
except in such Appeal Cases as are herein assigned to the Baltimore City 
Court. 

1 Circuit Court No. 2 established by Act of 1888, ch. 194. 

2 Criminal Court No. 2 established by rule of the Supreme Bench, December 21, 1897. 
See 87 Md. 191. 

3 The jurisdiction of the Baltimore City Court, the Superior Court and the Court of 
Common Pleas was enlarged by the Act of 1870, ch. 177. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 319 

Supreme Bench of Baltimoi-e City — Term — Salary 

Sec. 31. There shall be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said 
city, at the election, hereinbefore provided for, one Chief Judge and four As- 
sociate Judges, who, together, shall constitute the Supreme Bench of Balti- 
more City, and shall hold their offices for the term of fifteen years, subject to 
the provisions of this Constitution with regard to the election and qualifica- 
tions of Judges and their removal from office, and shall exercise the jurisdic- 
tion, hereinafter specified, and shall each receive an annual salary of three 
thousand five hundred dollars,^ payable quarterly, which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their term of office; but authority is hereby given to the Mayor 
and City Council of Baltimore to pay to each of the said Judges an annual 
addition of five hundred dollars to their respective salaries ; provided, that 
the same being once granted shall not be diminished nor increased during 
the continuance of said Judges in office. 

Assignment of Judges 

Sec. 32. It shall be the duty of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, 
as soon as the Judges thereof shall be elected and duly qualified, and from 
time to time, to provide for the holding of each of the aforesaid Courts, by the 
assignment of one or more of their number to each of the said Courts, who 
may sit either separately or together in the trial of cases ; and the said Su- 
preme Bench of Baltimore City may, from time to time, change the said assign- 
ment, as circumstances may require, and the public interest may demand ; 
and the Judge or Judges, so assigned to the said several Courts, shall, when 
holding the same, have all the powers and exercise all the jurisdiction which 
may belong to the Court so being held ; and it shall also be the duty of the 
said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, in case of the sickness, absence, or 
disability of any Judge or Judges assigned as aforesaid, to provide for the 
hearing of the cases, or transaction of the business assigned to said Judge or 
Judges, as aforesaid, before some one or more of the Judges of said Court, 

Supreme Bench — Rules — Jurisdiction on motions 

Sec. 33. The said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City shall have power, and 
it shall be its duty, to provide for the holding of as many general Terms as 
the performance of its duties may require, such general Terms to be held by 
not less than three Judges ; to make all needful rules and regulations for the 
conduct of business in each of the said Courts, during the session thereof, and 
in vacation, or in Chambers, before any of said Judges ; and shall also have 

1 Increased by Act of 1892, ch. 388, to four thousand five hundred dollars. 



320 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HLSTORY 

jurisdiction to hear and determine all motions for a new trial in cases tried in 
any of said Courts, where such motions arise, either on questions of fact, or 
for misdirection upon any matters of Law, and all motions in arrest of judg- 
ment, or upon any matters of Law determined by the said Judge, or Judges, 
while holding said several Courts ; and the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City shall make all needful rules and regulations for the hearing before it of 
all said matters ; and the same right of appeal to the Court of Appeals shall 
be allowed from the determination of the said Court on such matters, as 
would have been the right of the parties if said matters had been decided by 
the Court in which said cases were tried. 

[The Judge, before whom any case may hereafter be tried, in either the 
Baltimore City Court, the Superior Court of Baltimore City, or the Court of 
Common Pleas, shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine, and 
the said Judge shall hear and determine all motions for a new trial where 
such motions arise, either on questions of fact or for misdirection upon any 
matters of law, and all motions in arrest of judgment, or upon any matters of 
law, determined by the said Judge, and all such motions shall be heard and 
determined within thirty days after they are made.] ^ 

Appeals from Justices 

Sec. 34. No appeal shall lie to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City from 
the decision of the Judge or the Judges holding the Baltimore City Court in 
case of appeal from a Justice of the Peace ; but the decision by said Judge 
or Judges shall be final ; and all writs and other process issued out of 
either of said Courts, requiring attestation, shall be attested in the name of the 
Chief Judge of the said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City. 

Qiio7-uni 

Sec. 35. Three of the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City 
shall constitute a quorum of said Court. 

Cases pending 

Sec. 36. All causes depending, at the adoption of this Constitution, in the 
Superior Court of Baltimore City, the Court of Common Pleas, the Criminal 
Court of Baltimore, and the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, shall be proceeded 
in, and prosecuted to final judgment or decree^, in the Courts, respectively, of 
the same name established by this Constitution, except cases belonging to 
that class, jurisdiction over which is by this Constitution transferred to the 

iThus amended by the Act of 1870, ch. 177, as provided by Section 39, of Article 4, of 
the Constitution. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 32 1 

Baltimore City Court, all of which shall, together with all cases now pending 
in the City Court of Baltimore, be proceeded in and prosecuted to final judg- 
ment in said Baltimore City Court. 

Clerks — Term — Salary — Vacancies 

Sec. 37. There shall be a Clerk of each of the said Courts of Baltimore 
City, except the Supreme Bench, who shall be elected by the legal and quali- 
fied voters of said city, at the election to be held in said city on the Tuesday 
next after the first Monday of November, in the year eighteen hundred and 
sixty-seven, and shall hold his office for six years from the time of his election, 
and until his successor is elected and qualified, and be re-eligible thereto, sub- 
ject to be removed for willful neglect of duty or other misdemeanor in office, on 
conviction in a Court of Law. The salary of each of the said Clerks shall 
be thirty-five hundred dollars a year, payable only out of the fees and receipts 
collected by the Clerks of said city, and they shall be entitled to no other 
perquisites or compensation. In case of a vacancy in the office of Clerk of 
any of said Courts, the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City shall 
have power to fill such vacancy until the general election of Delegates to the 
General Assembly to be held next thereafter, when a Clerk of said Court shall 
be elected to serve for six years thereafter ; and the provisions of this Article 
in relation to the appointment of Deputies by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts 
in the counties shall apply to the Clerks of the Courts in Baltimore City. 

Licenses 

Sec. 38. The Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas shall have authority to 
issue within said city all marriage and other licenses required by law, subject 
to such provisions as are now or may be prescribed by Law. The Clerk of the 
Superior Court of said city shall receive and record all deeds, conveyances 
and other papers, which are or may be required by Law to be recorded in 
said city. He shall also have custody of all papers connected with the pro- 
ceedings on the Law or Equity side of Baltimore County Court and the dockets 
thereof, so far as the same have relation to the City of Baltimore, and shall 
also discharge the duties of Clerk to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City 
unless otherwise provided by Law. 

Additional Court 

Sec. 39. The General Assembly shall, whenever it may think the same 
proper and expedient, provide, by Law, another Court for the City of Balti- 
more, and prescribe its jurisdiction and powers ; in which case there shall be 
elected by the voters of said City, qualified under this Constitution, another 



322 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, who shall be subject to the 
same constitutional provisions, hold his office for the same term of years, 
receive the same compensation, and have the same powers, as are herein pro- 
vided for the Judges of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City; and all of the 
provisions of this Constitution relating to the assignment of Judges to the 
Courts, now existing in said City, and for the dispatch of business therein, 
shall apply to the Court, for whose creation provision is made by this Sec- 
tion. ^ And the General Assembly may reapportion, change or enlarge the 
jurisdiction of the several Courts in Baltimore City. Until otherwise provided 
by Law, the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, of the Court of 
Common Pleas, of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, of the Baltimore City 
Court, and of the Criminal Court of Baltimore, shall each give Bond in such 
penalty as is now prescribed by Law to be given by the Clerks of the Courts, 
bearing the same names, under the present Constitution. 

Additional Judges 

[Sec. 39. The General Assembly shall, as often as it may think the same 
proper and expedient, provide by Law for the election of an additional Judge 
of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and whenever provision is so made 
by the General Assembly, there shall be elected by the voters of said City 
another Judge of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, who shall be subject 
to the same constitutional provisions, hold his office for the same term of 
years, receive the same compensation, and have the same powers as are, or 
shall be, provided by the Constitution or Laws of this State, for the Judges 
of said Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, and the General Assembly may 
provide by Laws, or the Supreme Bench by its rules, for requiring causes in 
any of the Courts of Baltimore City to be tried before the court without a jury, 
unless the litigants or some one of them shall within such reasonable time or 
times as may be prescribed, elect to have their causes tried before a jury. 
And the General Assembly may reapportion, change or enlarge the jurisdiction 
of the several Courts in said city.] ^ 

1 Under this section, the General Assembly, by the Act of 1888, Chapter 194, established 
the Circuit Court No. 2 of Baltimore City, conferring upon it the same jurisdiction as that 
possessed by the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, 

2 Thus amended by Chapter 313, Acts of 1892, ratified by the people November 7, 
1893. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 323 

Part V. — Orphans' Courts 

Three Judges — Term — Jurisdiction — Per dietn — Vacancies 

Sec. 40. The qualified voters of the City of Baltimore, and of the several 
counties, shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November next, 
and on the same day in every fourth year thereafter, elect three men to be 
Judges of the Orphans' Courts of said city and counties, respectively, who 
shall be citizens of the State, and residents for the twelve months preceding, 
in the city, or county, for which they may be elected. They shall have all 
the powers now vested in the Orphans' Courts of the State, subject to such 
changes as the Legislature may prescribe. Each of said Judges shall be paid 
a per diem for the time they are actually in session, to be regulated by Law, 
and to be paid by the said city, or counties, respectively. In case of a 
vacancy in the ofiice of Judge of the Orphans' Court the Governor shall 
appoint, subject to confirmation or rejection by the Senate, some suitable per- 
son to fill the same for the residue of the term. 

Register of Wills — Term — Vacancy 

Sec. 41. There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State 
and the City of Baltimore to be elected by the legal and qualified voters of 
said counties and city, respactively, who shall hold his office for six years from 
the time of his election, and until his successor is elected and qualified ; he 
shall be re-eligible, and subject at all times to removal for willful neglect of 
duty, or misdemeanor in office in the same manner that the Clerks of the 
Courts are removable. In the event of any vacancy in the office of the Reg- 
ister of Wills, said vacancy shall be filled by the Judges of the Orphans' 
Court, in which such vacancy occurs, until the next general election for Dele- 
gates to the General Assembly, when a Register shall be elected to serve for 
six years thereafter. 

Part VI. — Justices of the Peace 

Appointment — Constables 

Sec. 42. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
shall appoint such number of Justices of the Peace, and the County Commis- 
sioners of the several counties, and the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 
respectively, shall appoint such number of Constables, for the several Election 
Districts of the counties and wards of the City of Baltimore, as are now or may 
hereafter be prescribed by Law ; and Justices of the Peace and Constables so 



324 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

appointed shall be subject to removal by the Judge or Judges having criminal 
jurisdiction in the county or city, for incompetency, willful neglect of duty or 
misdemeanor in office, on conviction in a Court of Law. The Justices of the 
Peace and Constables so appointed and commissioned shall be Conservators 
of the Peace; shall hold their office for two years, and shall have such 
jurisdiction, duties and compensation, subject to such right of appeal in all 
cases from the judgment of Justices of the Peace, as hath been heretofore 
exercised, or shall be hereafter prescribed by Law. 

Vacajicies 

Sec. 43. In the event of a vacancy in the office of a Justice of the Peace, 
the Governor shall appoint a person to serve as Justice of the Peace for the 
residue of the term ; and in case of a vacancy in the office of Constable, 
the County Commissioners of the county in which the vacancy occurs, or 
the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, as the case may be, shall appoint a 
person to serve as Constable for the residue of the term. 



Part VIL — Sheriffs 

Election — Qiialijication — Term — - Vacancy 

Sec. 44. There shall be elected in each County, and in the City of Balti- 
more, in every second year, one person, resident in said County or City, 
above the age of twenty-five years, and at least five years preceding his elec- 
tion, a citizen of this State, to the office of Sheriif. He shall hold his office 
for two years, and until his successor is duly elected and qualified ; shall be 
ineligible for two years thereafter ; shall give such bond, exercise such powers, 
and perform such duties as now are or may hereafter be fixed by law. In case 
of a vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or neglect to qualify, or give 
bond, or by disqualification, or removal from the County or City, the Governor 
shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. 

Coroners, ^ffc. 

Sec. 45. Coroners, Elisors and Notaries Public may be appointed for each 
County and the City of Baltimore in the manner, for the purpose and with the 
powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be prescribed by law. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 325 



ARTICLE V 

ATTORNEY-GENERAL AND STATE'S ATTORNEY 

Attorney-General 

Election — Term 

Section r. There shall be an Attorney-General elected by the qualified 
voters of the State, on general ticket, on the Tuesday next after the first Mon- 
day in the month of November, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on the 
same day in every fourth year thereafter, who shall hold his office for four 
years from the time of his election and qualification, and until his successor 
is elected and qualified, and shall be re-eligible thereto, and shall be subject 
to removal for incompetency, willful neglect of duty or misdemeanor in office, 
on conviction in a court of law. 



Returns of election 

Sec. 2. All elections for Attorney-General shall be certified to, and returns 
made thereof by the Clerks of the Circuit Courts for the several Counties, and 
the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, to the Governor of the 
State, whose duty it shall be to decide on the election and qualification of 
the person returned ; and in case of a tie between two or more persons to 
designate which of said persons shall qualify as Attorney-General, and to 
administer the oath of office to the person elected. 

Duties — Opinions — Salary 

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to prosecute and de- 
fend on the part of the State all cases which at the time of his appointment 
and qualification, and which thereafter may be depending in the Court of 
Appeals, or in the Supreme Court of the United States by or against the State, 
or wherein the State may be interested ; and he shall give his opinion in writ- 
ing whenever required by the General Assembly, or either branch thereof, the 
Governor, the Comptroller, the Treasurer, or any State's Attorney, on any legal 
matter, or subject depending before them, or either of them ; and when re- 
quired by the Governor or the General Assembly, he shall aid any State's 
Attorney in prosecuting any suit or action brought by the State in any Court 
of this State, and he shall commence and prosecute or defend any suit or action 
in any of said Courts, on the part of the State, which the General Assembly, 
or the Governor, acting according to law, shall direct to be commenced. 



326 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

prosecuted or defended ; and he shall receive for his services an annual salary 
of three thousand dollars ; but he shall not be entitled to receive any fees, 
perquisites or rewards whatever, in addition to the salary aforesaid, for the 
performance of any official duty ; nor have power to appoint any agent, rep- 
resentative or deputy, under any circumstances whatever; nor shall the 
Governor employ any additional counsel in any case whatever, unless author- 
ized by the General Assembly. 

Qualifications 

Sec. 4. No person shall be eligible to the office of Attorney-General, who 
is not a citizen of this State, and a qualified voter therein, and has not resided 
and practiced Law in this State for at least ten years. 

Vacancy 

Sec. 5. In case of vacancy in the office of Attorney-General, occasioned by 
death, resignation, removal from the State or from office, or other disqualifica- 
tion, the said vacancy shall be filled by the Governor for the residue of the 
term thus made vacant. 

Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals and of the 
Commissioner of the Land Office, respectively, whenever a case shall be 
brought into said court or office, in which the State is a party or has interest, 
immediately to notify the Attorney-General thereof. 

The State's Attorneys 

Election — Tertii 

Sec. 7. There shall be an Attorney for the State in each County and the 
City of Baltimore, to be styled '' The State's Attorney," who shall be elected 
by the voters thereof, respectively, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday 
in November, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same 
day every fourth year thereafter; and shall hold his office for four years from 
the first Monday in January next ensuing his election, and until his successor 
shall be elected and qualified, and shall be re-eligible thereto, and be subject 
to removal therefrom for incompetency, willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor 
in office, on conviction in a Court of Law, or by a vote of two thirds of the 
Senate, on the recommendation of the Attorney-General. 

Rettirns of election 

Sec. 8. All elections for the State's Attorney shall be certified to and re- 
turns made thereof by the Clerks of the said counties and city to the Judges 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 



327 



thereof having criminal jurisdiction, respectively, whose duty it shall be to 
decide upon the elections and qualifications of the persons returned ; and in 
case of a tie between two or more persons, to designate which of said persons 
shall qualify as State's Attorney, and to administer the oaths of office to the 
person elected. 

Sec. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive such 
fees and commissions as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by law, and 
if any State's Attorney shall receive any other fee or reward than such as is 
or may be allowed by Law, he shall, on conviction thereof, be removed from 
office ; provided^ that the State's Attorney for Baltimore City shall have power 
to appoint one Deputy, at a salary of not more than fifteen hundred dollars 
per annum, to be paid by the State's Attorney out of the fees of his office, as 
has heretofore been practiced. 

Fees 

[Sec. 9. The State's Attorney shall perform such duties and receive such 
fees and commissions or salary, not exceeding three thousand dollars, as are 
now or may hereafter be prescribed by law ; and if any State's Attorney shall 
receive any other fee or reward than such as is or may be allowed by law, he 
shall, on conviction thereof, be removed from office ; provided, that the State's 
Attorney for Baltimore City shall receive an annual salary of forty-five hundred 
dollars, and shall have power to appoint one deputy, at an annual salary, not 
exceeding three thousand dollars, and such other assistants at such annual 
salaries not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars each, as the Supreme Bench 
of Baltimore City may authorize and approve ; all of said salaries to be paid 
out of the fees of the said State's Attorney's office, as has heretofore been 
practiced.] ^ 

Qualifications 

Sec. 10. No person shall be eligible to the office of State's Attorney who 
has not been admitted to practice Law in this State, and who has not resided 
for at least two years in the county or city in which he may be elected. 

Vacancy 

Sec. II. In case of vacancy in the office of State's Attorney, or of his 
removal from the county or city in which he shall have been elected, or on 
his conviction as herein specified, the said vacancy shall be filled by the Judge 
of the county or city, respectively, having criminal jurisdiction, in which said 
vacancy shall occur, for the residue of the term thus made vacant. 

1 Thus amended by Act of 1900, ch. 185, ratified by the people at the November election, 
1901. 



328 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 



Duties 

Sec. 12. The State's Attorney in each county, and the City of Baltimore, 
shall have authority to collect, and give receipt, in the name of the State, for 
such sums of money as may be collected by him, and forthwith make return 
of and pay over the same to the proper accounting officer. And the State's 
Attorney of each county, and the City of Baltimore, before he shall enter on 
the discharge of his duties, shall execute a bond to the State of Maryland, for 
the faithful performance of his duties, in the penalty of ten thousand dollars, 
with two or more sureties, to be approved by the Judge of the Court having 
criminal jurisdiction in said counties or city. 



ARTICLE VI 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT 

Comptroller — Salary — Treasurer — Term — Vacancies — Bonds 

Section i. There shall be a Treasury Department, consisting of a Comp- 
troller, chosen by the qualified electors of the State, at each regular election of 
members of the House of Delegates, who shall receive an annual salary of two 
thousand five hundred dollars ; and a Treasurer, to be appointed by the two 
Houses of the Legislature, at each regular session thereof, on joint ballot, who 
shall receive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars ; and the 
terms of office of the said Comptroller and Treasurer shall be for two years, 
and until their successors shall qualify ; and neither of the said officers shall 
be allowed, or receive any fees, commissions or perquisites of any kind in 
addition to his salary for the performance of any duty or services whatsoever. 
In case of a vacancy in either of the offices by death, or otherwise, the Gov- 
ernor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall fill such vacancy 
by appointment, to continue until another election, or a choice by the Legis- 
lature, as the case may be, and until the qualification of the successor. The 
Comptroller and the Treasurer shall keep their offices at the seat of Govern- 
ment, and shall take such oath, and enter into such bonds for the faithful 
discharge of their duties as are now, or may hereafter be prescribed by law. 

Comptroller'' s duties 

Sec. 2. The Comptroller shall have the general superintendence of the 
fiscal affairs of the State ; he shall digest and prepare plans for the improve- 
ment and management of the revenue, and for the support of the public credit ; 
prepare and report estimates of the revenue and expenditures of the State; 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 329 

superintend and enforce the prompt collection of all taxes and revenue ; adjust 
and settle, on terms prescribed by Law, with delinquent collectors and receivers 
of taxes and Stale revenue ; preserve all public accounts ; decide on the forms 
of keeping and stating accounts ; grant, under regulations prescribed by Law, 
all warrants for money to be paid out of the Treasury, in pursuance of appro- 
priations by Law, and countersign all checks drawn by the Treasury upon any 
bank or banks, in which the moneys of the State may, from time to time, be 
deposited ; prescribe the formalities of the transfer of stock, or other evidence 
of the State debt, and countersign the same, without which such evidence shall 
not be valid; he shall make to the General Assembly full reports of all his 
proceedings, and of the state of the treasury department within ten days after 
the commencement of each Session; and perform such other duties as shall 
be prescribed by Law. 

Treasurer'' s duties 

Sec. 3. The Treasurer shall receive the moneys of the State, and, until 
otherwise prescribed by law, deposit them, as soon as received, to the credit 
of the State, in such bank or banks as he may, from time to time, with the 
approval of the Governor, select (the said bank or banks giving security, satis- 
factory to the Governor, for the safekeeping and forthcoming, when required, 
of said deposits), and shall disburse the same for the purposes of the State, 
according to law, upon warrants drawn by the Comptroller, and on checks 
countersigned by him, and not otherwise ; he shall take receipts for all moneys 
paid by him and receipts for moneys received by him shall be endorsed upon 
warrants signed by the Comptroller, without which warrants, so signed, no 
acknowledgment of money received into the Treasury shall be valid ; and upon 
warrants, issued by the Comptroller, he shall make arrangements for the pay- 
ment of the interest of the public debt, and for the purchase thereof, on account 
of the sinking fund. Every bond, certificate, or other evidence of the debt 
of the State shall be signed by the Treasurer, and countersigned by the 
Comptroller; and no new certificate or other evidence intended to replace 
another shall be issued until the old one shall be delivered to the Treasurer, 
and authority executed in due form for the transfer of the same filed in his 
office, and the transfer accordingly made on the books thereof, and the cer- 
tificate or other evidence cancelled; but the Legislature may make provi- 
sions for the loss of certificates, or other evidences of the debt ; and may 
prescribe, by Law, the manner in which the Treasurer shall receive and keep 
the moneys of the State. 

Accounts 

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall render his accounts quarterly to the Comp- 
troller, and shall publish monthly, in such newspapers as the Governor may 



330 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

direct, an abstract thereof, showing the amount of cash on hand, and the 
place or places of deposit thereof; and on the third day of each regular session 
of the Legislature he shall submit to the Senate and House of Delegates fair 
and accurate copies of all accounts by him, from time to time, rend_-red and 
settled with the Comptroller. He shall at all times submit to the Comptroller 
the inspection of the money in his hands, and perform all other duties that 
shall be prescribed by Law. 

Time of qualifications 

Sec. 5. The Comptroller shall qualify and enter on the duties of his office 
on the third Monday of January next succeeding the time of his election, or 
as soon thereafter as practicable. And the Treasurer shall qualify within one 
month after his appointment by the Legislature. 

Removal 

Sec. 6. Whenever during the recess of the Legislature charges shall be 
preferred to the Governor against the Comptroller or Treasurer for incom- 
petency, malfeasance in office, willful neglect of duty, or misappropriation of the 
funds of the State, it shall be the duty of the Governor forthwith to notify 
the party so charged, and fix a day for a hearing of said charges ; and if from 
the evidence taken, under oath, on said hearing before the Governor, the said 
allegations shall be sustained, it shall be the duty of the Governor to remove 
said offending officer and appoint another in his place, who shall hold the 
office for the unexpired term of the officer so removed. 



ARTICLE VII 

SUNDRY OFFICERS 

County Commissioners — Surveyor — State Librarian — Commissioner 
of the Land Office — Wreck Master 

County Commissioners 

Section i. County Commissioners shall be elected on general ticket of 
each county by the qualified voters of the several counties of this State, on 
the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, eighteen 
hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same day in every second year thereafter. 
Their number in each county, their compensation, powers and duties, shall be 
such as are now or may be hereafter prescribed by Law. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 33 1 

Coiiniy Commissioners 

[Sec I. County Commissioners sliall be elected on general ticket of each 
county by the qualified voters of the several counties of the State, on the 
Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, commencing 
in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-one ; their number in each county, 
their compensation, powers and duties shall be such as now or may be here- 
after prescribed by law, they shall be elected at such times, in such numbers 
and for such periods not exceeding six years, as may be prescribed by law.]^ 

Surveyor - — Vacancy 

Sec. 2. The quahfied voters of each County, and of tlie City of Baltimore 
shall on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November, 
in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same day in every 
second year thereafter, elect a Surveyor for each County and the City of 
Baltimore, respectively, whose term of office shall commence on the first 
Monday of January next ensuing their election, and whose duties and com- 
pensation shall be the same as are now or may hereafter be prescribed by 
law. And any vacancy in the office of Surveyor shall be filled by the Com- 
missioners of the Counties, or by the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 
respectively, for the residue of the term. 

State Librarian — Salary 

Sec. 3. The State Librarian shall be appointed by the Governor, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, and shall hold his office during the 
term of the Governor, by whom he shall have been appointed, and until his 
successor shall be appointed and qualified. His salary shall be fifteen hun- 
dred dollars a year; and he shall perform such duties as are now, or may 
hereafter be prescribed by Law ; and no appropriation shall be made by Law 
to pay for any clerk, or assistant to the Librarian. And it shall be the duty 
of the Legislature, at its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, 
to pass a Law regulating the mode and manner in which the books in the 
Library shall be kept and accounted for by the Librarian, and requiring the 
Librarian to give a bond, in such penalty as the Legislature may prescribe, for 
the proper discharge of his duties. 

Commissioner of Land Office — Duties — Salary 

Sec. 4. There shall be a Commissioner of the Land Office, who shall be 
appointed by the Governor by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 

1 Thus amended by Act of 1890, Chapter 255, and adopted by vote of the people 
November 3, 1890. 



332 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

who shall hold his office during the term of the Governor, by whom he shall 
have been appointed, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. 
He shall perform such duties as are now required of the Commissioner of the 
Land Office, or such as may hereafter be prescribed by Law, and shall also be 
the Keeper of the Chancery Records. He shall receive a salary of one thou- 
sand, five hundred dollars per annum, to be paid out of the Treasury, and shall 
charge such fees as are now, or may be hereafter fixed by Law. He shall 
make a semi-annual report of all the fees of his office, both as Commissioner 
of the Land Office, and as keeper of the Chancery Records, to the Comptroller 
of the Treasury, and shall pay the same semi-annually into the treasury. 

State Papers 

Sec. 5. The Commissioner of the Land Office shall also, without addi- 
tional compensation, collect, arrange, classify, have charge of, and safely keep 
all papers, records, relics, and other memorials connected with the early his- 
tory of Maryland, not belonging to any other office. 

Wreck Master 

Sec. 6. The qualified voters of Worcester County shall on the Tuesday 
next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year eighteen 
hundred and sixty-seven, and every two years thereafter, elect a Wreck-Master 
for said County, whose duties and compensation shall be the same as are now 
or may be hereafter prescribed by Law ; the term of office of said Wreck- 
Master shall commence on the first Monday of January next succeeding his 
election, and a vacancy in said office shall be filled by the County Commis- 
sioners of said County for the residue of the term. 



ARTICLE VIII 

EDUCATION 

Public Schools 

Section i. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of 
this Constitution, shall, by Law, establish throughout the State a thorough 
and efficient system of free Public Schools ; and shall provide by taxation, or 
otherwise, for their maintenance. 

Sec. 2. The system of Public Schools, as now constituted, shall remain in 
force until the end of the said first session of the General Assembly, and shall 
then expire, except so far as adopted or continued by the General Assembly. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 333 

School fund 

Sec. 3. The School Fund of the State shall be kept inviolate, and appro- 
priated only to the purposes of education. 

ARTICLE IX 

MILITIA AND MILITARY AFFAIRS 

Organization 

Section i. The General Assembly shall make, from time to time, such pro- 
visions for organizing, equipping and disciplining the Militia, as the exigency 
may require, and pass such Laws to promote Volunteer Militia Organizations 
as may afford them effectual encouragement. 

Adjutant- General — Duties 

Sec. 2. There shall be an Adjutant-General appointed by the Governor, 
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He shall hold his office 
until the appointment and qualification of his successor, or until removed in 
pursuance of the sentence of a court-martial. He shall perform such duties 
and receive such compensation or emoluments as are now or may be pre- 
scribed by Law. He shall discharge the duties of his office at the seat of 
government, unless absent under orders, on duty ; and no other officer of the 
General Staff of the Militia shall receive salary or pay, except when on ser- 
vice and mustered in with troops. 

Sec. 3. The existing Militia Law of the State shall expire at the end of the 
next session of the General Assembly, except so far as it may be re-enacted, 
subject to the provisions of this Article. 

ARTICLE X 

LABOR AND AGRICULTURE ^ 

Section i . There shall be a Superintendent of Labor and Agriculture elected 
by the qualified voters of this State at the first General election for Delegates 
to the General Assembly after the adoption of this Constitution, who shall 
hold his office for the term of four years, and until the election and qualifica- 
tion of his successor. 

Sec. 2. His qualifications shall be the same as those prescribed for the 
Comptroller ; he shall qualify and enter upon the duties of his office on the 

1 This Article expired by limitation. 



334 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

second Monday of January next succeeding the time of his election ; and a 
vacancy in the office shall be filled by the Governor for the residue of the term. 

Sec. 3. He shall perform such of the duties now devolved by Law upon 
the Commissioner of Immigration, and the Immigration Agent, as will pro- 
mote the object for which those officers were appointed, and such other duties 
as may be assigned to him by the General Assembly, and shall receive a 
salary of twenty-five hundred dollars a year; and after his election and quali- 
fication, the offices before mentioned shall cease. 

Sec. 4. He shall supervise all the State Inspectors of agricultural products 
and fertilizers, and from time to time shall carefully examine and audit their 
accounts, and prescribe regulations not inconsistent with Law, tending to 
secure economy and efficiency in the business of their offices. He shall have 
the supervision of the Tobacco Warehouses, and all other buildings used for 
inspection and storage purposes by the State ; and may, at the discretion of 
the Legislature, have the supervision of all public buildings now belonging to, 
or which may hereafter be, erected by the State. He shall frequently inspect 
such buildings as are committed to his charge, and examine all accounts for 
labor and materials required for their construction or repairs. 

Sec. 5. He shall inquire into the undeveloped resources of wealth of the 
State of Maryland, more especially concerning those within the limits of the 
Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries, which belong to the State, and suggest 
such plans as may be calculated to render them available as sources of revenue. 

Sec. 6. He shall make detailed reports to every General Assembly within the 
first week of its session, in reference to each of the subjects committed to his 
charge, and he shall also report to the Governor, in the recess of the Legis- 
lature, all abuses or irregularities which he may find to exist in any department 
of public affairs with which his office is connected. 

Sec. 7. The office hereby established shall continue for four years from the 
date of the qualification of the first incumbent thereof, and shall then expire, 
unless continued by the General Assembly. 

ARTICLE XI 1 

CITY OF BALTIMORE 

Section i. The inhabitants of the City of Baltimore qualified by Law to 
vote in said city for members of the House of Delegates, shall on the fourth 

1 Under Section 9 of this article a charter was adopted for Baltimore in 1898, which 
changed the organization of the city government in many particulars. The election for 
Mayor and City Council is now held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in May. 
The term of the Mayor is four years. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 335 

Wednesday of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, and on the same 
day in every fourth year thereafter, elect a person to be Mayor of the City 
of Baltimore, who shall have such qualifications, receive such compensation, 
discharge such duties, and have such powers as are now, or may hereafter be 
prescribed by Law ; and the term of whose olilice shall commence on the first 
Monday of November succeeding his election, and shall continue for four 
years, and until his successor shall have qualified ; and he shall be ineligible 
for the term next succeeding that for which he was elected. 



Mayor 

[Sec. I. The inhabitants of the City of Baltimore, qualified by Law to vote 
in said city for members of the House of Delegates, shall on the Tuesday after 
the first Monday of November, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and on the 
same day in every second year thereafter, elect a person to be Mayor of the 
City of Baltimore, who shall have such qualifications, receive such compensa- 
tion, discharge such duties, and have such powers as are now, or may hereafter 
be prescribed by Law ; and the term of whose ofiice shall commence on the 
first Monday of November succeeding his election, and shall continue for two 
years, and until his successor shall have qualified.] ^ 



City Council 

Sec. 2. The City Council of Baltimore shall consist of two branches, one 
of which shall be called the First Branch, and the other the Second Branch, 
and each shall consist of such number of members, having such qualification, 
receiving such compensation, performing such duties, possessing such powers, 
holding such terms of office, and elected in such manner, as are now, or may 
hereafter be prescribed by Law. 

Sec. 3. An election for members of the First and Second Branch of the 
City Council of Baltimore shall be held in the City of Baltimore on the fourth 
Wednesday of October, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven ; and for members 
of the First Branch on the same day in every year thereafter; and for mem- 
bers of the Second Branch on the same day in every second year thereafter; 
and the qualification for electors of the members of the City Council shall be 
the same as those prescribed for the electors of Mayor. 

1 Thus amended by ch. 123, Acts of 1898. By ch. 116, Acts of 1870, the term of Mayor 
was made two years ; and by ch. 397, Acts of 1888, the day of election was set for the 
Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 



336 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Time of elections 

[Sec. 3. An election for members of the First Branch of the City Council 
of Baltimore shall be held in the City of Baltimore on the Tuesday after the 
first Monday of November in every year ; and for members of the Second 
Branch on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November eighteen hundred 
and eighty-nine, and on the same day in every second year thereafter ; and the 
qualification for electors of the members of the City Council shall be the same 
as those prescribed for the electors ofMayor.] ^ 

Sessions — Limitations — Extra session 

Sec. 4. The regular sessions of the City Council of Baltimore (which shall 
be annual), shall commence on the third Monday of January of each year, and 
shall not continue more than ninety days, exclusive of Sundays ; but the Mayor 
may convene the City Council in extra session whenever, and as often as it may 
appear to him that the public good may require, but no called or extra session 
shall last longer than twenty days, exclusive of Sundays. 

Disqualifications 

Sec. 5. No person elected and qualified as Mayor, or as a member of the 
City Council, shall, during the term for which he was elected, hold any other 
office of profit or trust, created, or to be created by the Mayor and City Council 
of Baltimore, or by any Law relating to the Corporation of Baltimore, or hold 
any employment or position, the compensation of which shall be paid, directly 
or indirectly, out of the City Treasury ; nor shall any such person be interested, 
directly or indirectly, in any contract to which the City is a party ; nor shall it 
be lawful for any person holding any office under the City, to be interested, 
while holding such office, in any contract to which the City is a party. 

Removal of Mayor 

Sec. 6. The Mayor shall, on conviction in a Court of Law, of willful neglect 
of duty, or misbehavior in office, be removed from office by the Governor of 
the State, and a successor shall thereafter be elected, as in a case of vacancy. 

Debts 

Sec. 7. From and after the adoption of this Constitution, no debt (except 
as hereinafter excepted), shall be created by the Mayor and City Council of 
Baltimore ; nor shall the credit of the Mayor and City Council of Bal- 

1 Thus amended by the Act of i388, ch. 397. 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 337 

timore be given or loaned to, or in aid of any individual, association, or 
corporation ; nor shall the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore have the 
power to involve the City of Baltimore in the construction of works of internal 
improvement, nor in granting any aid thereto, which shall involve the faith 
and credit of the City, nor make any appropriation therefor, unless such debt 
or credit be authorized by an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, and 
by an ordinance of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, submitted to the 
legal voters of the City of Baltimore, at such time and place as may be fixed 
by said ordinance, and approved by a majority of the votes cast at such time 
and place ; but the Mayor and City Council may, temporarily, borrow any 
amount of money to meet any deficiency in the City Treasury, or to provide 
for any emergency arising from the necessity of maintaining the police, or pre- 
serving the safety and sanitary condition of the City, and may make due and 
proper arrangements and agreements for the removal and extension, in whole 
or in part, of any and all debts and obligations created according to Law before 
the adoption of this Constitution. 

Laws in force 

Sec. 8. All Laws and Ordinances now in force applicable to the City of 
Baltimore, not inconsistent with this Article, shall be, and they are hereby 
continued until changed in due course of Law. 

Changes authorized 

Sec. 9. The General Assembly may make such changes in this Article, 
except in Section 7th thereof, as it may deem best ; and this Article shall not 
be so construed or taken as to make the political corporation of Baltimore 
independent of, or free from the control which the General Assembly of Mary- 
land has over all such Corporations in this State. 



ARTICLE XII 

PUBLIC WORKS 

Board— Sessions — Poivers 

Section i. The Governor, the Comptroller of the Treasury, and the Treas- 
urer shall constitute the Board of Public Works in this State. They shall 
keep a journal of their proceedings, and shall hold regular sessions in the City 
of Annapohs on the first Wednesday in January, April, July and October in 
each year, and oftener if necessary ; at which sessions they shall hear and 



338 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

determine such matters as affect the Public Works of the State, and as the 
General Assembly may confer upon them the power to decide. 



Duties 

Sec. 2. They shall exercise a diligent and faithful supervision of all Public 
Works in which the State may be interested as Stockholder or Creditor, and 
shall represent and vote the stock of the State of Maryland in all meetings of 
the stockholders of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal ; and shall appoint the 
Directors in every Railroad and Canal Company in which the State has the 
legal power to appoint Directors, which said Directors shall represent the State 
in all meetings of the Stockholders of the respective Companies for which they 
are appointed or elected. And the President and Directors of the said Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal Company shall so regulate the tolls of said Company 
from time to time as to produce the largest amount of revenue, and to avoid 
the injurious effect to said Company of rival competition by other Internal 
Improvement Companies. They shall require the Directors of all said Public 
Works to guard the public interest and prevent the establishment of tolls 
which shall discriminate against the interest of the citizens or products of this 
State, and from time to time, and as often as there shall be any change in the 
rates of toll on any of the said Works, to furnish the said Board of Public 
Works a schedule of such modified rates of toll, and so adjust them as to pro- 
mote the agricultural interests of the State ; they shall report to the General 
Assembly at each regular session, and recommend such legislation as they may 
deem necessary and requisite to promote or protect the interests of the State 
in the said Public Works ; they shall perform such other duties as may be 
hereafter prescribed by Law, and a majority of them shall be competent to 
act. The Governor, Comptroller and Treasurer shall receive no additional 
salary for services rendered by them as members of the Board of Public 
Works. The provisions of the Act of the General Assembly of Maryland of 
the year 1867, Chapter 359, are hereby declared null and void. 

Sec. 3. The Board of Public Works is hereby authorized to exchange the 
State's interest as Stockholder and Creditor in the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road Company for an equal amount of the bonds or registered debt now owing 
by the State, to the extent only of all the preferred stock of the State on which 
the State is entitled to only six per cent interest, provided such exchange shall 
not be made at less than par, nor less than the market value of said stock ; 
and the said Board is authorized, subject to such regulations and conditions 
as the General Assembly may from time to time prescribe, to sell the State's 
interest in the other Works of Internal Improvement, whether as a Stockholder 
or a Creditor, and also the State's interest in any banking corporation, receiv- 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 339 

ing in payment the bonds and registered debt now owing by the State, equal 
in amount to the price obtained for the State's said interest ; provided, that 
the interest of the State in the Washington Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad be reserved and excepted from sale ; and provided further, that no 
sale or contract of sale of the State's interest in the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal, the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the Susquehanna and Tide- 
water Canal Companies shall go into effect until the same shall be ratified by 
the ensuing General Assembly. 

Po-cvers 

[Sec. 3. The board of Public Works is hereby authorized, subject to such 
regulations and conditions as the General Assembly may from time to time 
prescribe, to sell the State's interest in all works of internal improvement, 
whether as a Stockholder or a Creditor, and also the State's interest in any 
banking corporation, receiving in payment the bonds and registered debt now 
owing by the State, equal in amount to the price obtained for the State's said 
interest.] ^ 



ARTICLE XIII 

NEW COUNTIES 

County seals — Consent of voters — Area and population 

Section i. The General Assembly may provide, by Law, for organizing 
new Counties, locating and removing county seats, and changing county lines ; 
but no new county shall be organized without the consent of the majority of the 
legal voters residing within the limits proposed to be formed into said new county ; 
and whenever a new county shall be proposed to be formed out of portions of 
two or more counties, the consent of a majority of the legal voters of such 
part of each of said counties, respectively, shall be required ; nor shall the lines 
of any county be changed without the consent of a majority of the legal voters 
residing within the district, which, under said proposed change, would form 
a part of a county different from that to which it belonged prior to said change ; 
and no new county shall contain less than four hundred square miles nor less 
than ten thousand white inhabitants ; nor shall any change be made in the 
limits of any county, whereby the population of said county would be reduced 
to less than ten thousand white inhabitants, or its territory reduced to less than 
four hundred square miles. 

iThus amended by Act 1890, ch. 362, and ratified by the people November 3, 1891. 



340 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Wicomico county 

Sec. 2. At the election to be held for the adoption or rejection of this Con- 
stitution, in each election district, in those parts of Worcester and Somerset 
Counties, comprised within the following limits, viz. : Beginning at the point 
where Mason and Dixon's line crosses the channel of Pocomoke River, thence 
following said line to the channel of the Nanticoke River, thence with the 
channel of said river to Tangier Sound, or the intersection of Nanticoke and 
Wicomico Rivers, thence up the channel of the Wicomico River to the mouth 
of Wicomico Creek, thence with the channel of said creek and Passerdyke 
Creek to Dashield's or Disharoon's Mills, thence wath the mill-pond of said 
mills and branch following the middle prong of said branch, to Meadow Bridge, 
on the road dividing the Counties of Somerset and Worcester, near the south- 
west corner of farm of W^illiam P. Morris, thence due east to the Pocomoke 
River, thence with the channel of said river to the beginning; the Judges of 
Election, in each of said districts, shall receive the ballots of each elector, 
voting at said election, who has resided for six months preceding said election 
within said limits, for or against a new County ; and the Return Judges of 
said election districts shall certify the result of such voting, in the manner 
now prescribed by Law, to the Governor, who shall by proclamation make 
known the same, and if a majority of the legal votes cast within that part 
of Worcester County, contained within said lines, and also a majority of the 
legal votes cast within that part of Somerset County, contained within said 
lines, shall be in favor of a new County, then said parts of Worcester and 
Somerset Counties shall become and constitute a new County, to be called 
Wicomico County ; and Salisbury shall be the County seat. And the inhab- 
itants thereof shall thenceforth have and enjoy all such rights and privileges 
as are held and enjoyed by the inhabitants of other Counties of this State. 

Provisions 

Sec. 3. Wheri said new County shall have been so created, the inhabit- 
ants thereof shall cease to have any claim to, or interest in, the county build- 
ings and other public property of every description belonging to said Counties 
of Somerset and Worcester respectively, and shall be liable for their propor- 
tionate shares of the then existing debts and obligations of the said Counties, 
according to the last assessment in said Counties, to be ascertained and 
apportioned by the Circuit Court of Somerset County, as to the debts and 
obligations of said County, and by the Circuit Court of Worcester County as to 
the debts and obligations of Worcester County, on the petition of the County 
Commissioners of the said Counties, respectively; and the property in each 
part of the said Counties included in said new County shall be bound only for 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 34I 

tlie share of the debts and obligations of the County from which it shall be 
separated ; and the inhabitants of said new County shall also pay the County 
taxes levied upon them at the time of the creation of such new County, as if 
such new County had not been created ; and on the application of twelve 
citizens of the proposed County of Wicomico, the Surveyor of Worcester 
County shall run and locate the line from Meadow Bridge to the Pocomoke 
River, previous to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, and at the 
expense of said petitioners. 

Sec. 4. At the first general election held under this Constitution the quali- 
fied voters of said new County shall be entitled to elect a Senator and two 
Delegates to the General Assembl}^, and all such County or other officers as 
this Constitution may authorize, or require to be elected by other Counties 
of the State ; a notice of such election shall be given by the sheriffs of 
Worcester and Somerset Counties in the manner now prescribed by Law ; 
and in case said new County shall be established, as aforesaid, then the 
Counties of Somerset and Worcester shall be entitled to elect but two 
Delegates each to the General Assembly- 
Sec. 5. The County of Wicomico, if formed according to the provisions 
of this Constitution, shall be embraced in the First Judicial Circuit, and the 
times for holding the Courts therein shall be fixed and determined by the 
General Assembly. 

Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall pass all such Laws as may be necessary 
more fully to carry into effect the provisions of this Article. 



ARTICLE XIV 

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION 

Proposal — Publication — Vote- Returns — Proclamation 

Section i. The General Assembly may propose Amendments to this Con- 
stitution ; provided that each Amendment shall be embraced in a separate 
Bill, embodying the Article or Section, as the same will stand when amended 
and passed by three-fifths of all the members elected to each of the two 
Houses, by yeas and nays, to be entered on the Journals with the proposed 
Amendment. The Bill or Bills proposing amendment or amendments shall 
be published by order of the Governor, in at least two newspapers in each 
County, where so many may be published, and where not more than one 
may be published, then in that newspaper, and in three newspapers published 
in the City of Baltimore, one of which shall be in the German language, once 
a week for at least three months preceding the next ensuing general election, 



342 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

at which the proposed amendment or amendments shall be submitted, in a 
form to be prescribed by the General Assembly, to the qualified voters of the 
State for adoption or rejection. The votes cast for and against said proposed 
amendment or amendments, severally, shall be returned to the Governor, in 
the manner prescribed in other cases, and if it shall appear to the Governor 
that a majority of the votes cast at said election on said amendment or 
amendments, severally, were cast in favor thereof, the Governor shall, by his 
proclamation, declare the said amendment or amendments having received 
said majority of votes, to have been adopted by the people of Maryland as 
part of the Constitution thereof, and thenceforth said amendment or amend- 
ments shall be part of the said Constitution. When two or more amendments 
shall be submitted in manner aforesaid, to the voters of this State at the same 
election, they shall be so submitted as that each amendment shall be voted on 
separately. 

Conventioji every twenty years 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide by Law 
for taking, at the general election to be held in the year eighteen hundred and 
eighty-seven, and every twenty years thereafter, the sense of the people in 
regard to calling a convention for altering this Constitution ; and if a majority 
of voters at such election or elections shall vote for a convention, the General 
Assembly, at its next session, shall provide by Law for the assembling of such 
convention, and for the election of Delegates thereto. Each County and 
Legislative District of the City of Baltimore shall have in such convention 
a number of Delegates equal to its representation in both Houses at the time 
at which the convention is called. But any Constitution, or change, or 
amendment of the existing Constitution, which may be adopted by such con- 
vention, shall be submitted to the voters of this State, and shall have no effect 
unless the same shall have been adopted by a majority of the voters voting 
thereon. 

ARTICLE XV 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Returns of fees — Salary lifnii 

Section i. Every person holding any office created by, or existing under 
the Constitution, or Laws of the State (except Justices of the Peace, Consta- 
bles and Coroners), or holding any appointment under any Court of this 
State, whose pay or compensation is derived from fees or moneys coming into 
his hands for the discharge of his official duties, or in any way growing out 
of or connected with his office, shall keep a book in which shall be entered 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 343 

every sum or sums of money received by him, or on his account, as a pay- 
ment or compensation for his performance of official duties, a copy of which 
entries in said book, verified by the oath of the officer by whom it is directed 
to be kept, shall be returned yearly to the Comptroller of the State for his 
inspection, and that of the General Assembly of the State, to which the 
Comptroller shall, at each regular session thereof, make a report showing 
what officers have complied with this section ; and each of the said officers, 
when the amount received by him for the year shall exceed the sum which 
he is by Law entitled to retain as his salary or compensation for the discharge 
of his duties, and for the expenses of his office, shall yearly pay over to the 
Treasurer of the State, the amount of such excess, subject to such disposition 
thereof as the General Assembly may direct ; if any of such officers shall fail 
to comply with the requisitions of this section for the period of thirty days 
after the expiration of each and every year of his office, such officer shall be 
deemed to have vacated his office, and the Governor shall declare the same 
vacant, and the vacancy therein shall be filled as in case of vacancy for 
any other cause, and such officer shall be subject to suit by the State for the 
amount that ought to be paid into the Treasury ; and no person holding any 
office created by or existing under this Constitution or Laws of the State, or 
holding any appointment under any Court in this State, shall receive more 
than three thousand dollars a year as a compensation for the discharge of his 
official duties, except in cases specially provided in this Constitution. 

Sec. 2. The several Courts existing in this State at the time of the adop- 
tion of this Constitution shall, until superseded under its provisions, continue 
with like powers and jurisdiction, and in the exercise thereof, both at Law 
and in Equity, in all respects, as if this Constitution had not been adopted; 
and when said Courts shall be so superseded, all causes then depending in 
said Courts shall pass into the jurisdiction of the several Courts, by which 
they may be respectively superseded. 

Sec. 3. The Governor and all officers, civil and military, now holding 
office under this State, whether by election or appointment, shall continue to 
hold, exercise and discharge the duties of their offices (unless inconsistent 
with or otherwise provided in this Constitution), until they shall be super- 
seded under its provisions, and until their successors shall be duly qualified. 

Sec. 4. If at any election directed by this Constitution, any two or more 
candidates shall have the highest and an equal number of votes, a new elec- 
tion shall be ordered by the Governor, except in cases specially provided for 

by this Constitution. 

Trial by jury 

Sec. 5. In the trial of all criminal cases, the jury shall be the Judges of 
Law, as well as of fact. 



344 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Sec. 6. The right of trial by Jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings 
in the several Courts of Law in this State, where the amount in controversy 
exceeds the sum of five dollars, shall be inviolably preserved. 

General election 

Sec. 7. All general elections in this State shall be held on the Tuesday 
next after the first Monday in the month of November, in the year in which 
they shall occur ; and the first election of all officers, who, under this Consti- 
tution, are required to be elected by the people, shall, except in cases herein 
specially provided for, be held on the Tuesday next after the first Monday of 
November, in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-seven. 

Notice 

Sec. 8. The Sheriffs of the several Counties of this State, and of the City 
of Baltimore, shall give notice of the several elections authorized by this 
Constitution, in the manner prescribed by existing Laws for elections to be 
held in this State, until said Laws shall be changed. 

Terms of offi.ce 

Sec. 9. The term of office of all Judges and other officers, for whose elec- 
tion provision is made by this Constitution, shall, except in cases otherwise 
expressly provided herein, commence from the time of their election; and all 
such officers shall qualify as soon after their election as practicable, and shall 
enter upon the duties of their respective offices immediately upon their quali- 
fication ; and the term of office of the State Librarian and of Commissioner of 
the Land Office shall commence from the time of their appointment. 

Qualification of officers — Oath to be recorded 

Sec. 10. Any officer elected or appointed in pursuance of the provisions of 
this Constitution, may qualify, either according to the existing provisions of 
Law, in relation to officers under the present Constitution, or before the Gov- 
ernor of the State, or before any Clerk of any Court of Record in any part of 
the State; but in case an officer shall qualify out of the County in which he 
resides, an official copy of his oath shall be filed and recorded in the Clerk's 
office of the Circuit Court of the County in which he may reside, or in the 
Clerk's office of the Superior Court of the City of Baltimore, if he shall 
reside therein. 

VOTE ON THE CONSTITUTION 

For the purpose of ascertaining the sense of the people of this State in 
regard to the adoption or rejection of this Constitution, the Governor shall 



CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND 345 

issue his Proclamation within five days after the adjournment of this conven- 
tion, directed to the Sheriffs of the City of Baltimore and of the several 
Counties of this State, commanding them to give notice in the manner now 
prescribed by Law in reference to the election of members of the House of 
Delegates, that an election for the adoption or rejection of this Constitution 
will be held in the City of Baltimore, and in the several Counties of this State, 
on Wednesday, the eighteenth day of September, in the year eighteen hun- 
dred and sixty-seven, at the usual places of holding elections for members of 
the House of Delegates in said city and counties. At the said election the 
vote shall be by ballot, and upon each ballot there shall be written or printed 
the words, " For the Constitution," or " Against the Constitution," as the voter 
may elect ; and the provisions of the Laws of this State relating to the hold- 
ing of general elections for members of the House of Delegates, shall in all 
respects apply to and regulate the holding of the said election. It shall be the 
duty of the Judges of Election in said city and in the several counties of the 
State to receive, accurately count and duly return the number of ballots so 
cast for or against the adoption of this Constitution, as well as any blank 
ballots which may be cast, to the several Clerks of the Circuit Courts of this 
State, and to the Clerk of the Superior Court of Baltimore City, in the manner 
now prescribed by Law, in reference to the election of members of the House 
of Delegates, and duplicates thereof, directly to the Governor ; and the several 
clerks aforesaid shall return to the Governor, within ten days after said election, 
the number of ballots cast for or against the Constitution, and the number of 
blank ballots ; and the Governor, upon receiving the returns from the Judges 
of Election, or the clerks as aforesaid, and ascertaining the aggregate vote 
throughout the State, shall, by his proclamation, make known the same ; and 
if a majority of the votes cast shall be for the adoption of this Constitution it 
shall go into effect on Saturday, the fifth day of October, eighteen hundred 
and sixty-seven. 

Done in Convention, the seventeenth day of August, in the year of our Lord one 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States 
the ninety-second. 

RICHARD B. CARMICHAEL, 

President of the Convention. 
MILTON Y. KIDD, 

Secreta7'y. 



346 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

First List 

The following are suggested as forming an exxellent supplementary list of 
books obtainable at comparatively small expense. There are definite references 
to most of these works throughout this book, and their use in the schoolroom 
would add greatly to the interest and value of the study. The prices in all 
cases are publishers' list ; and from these, discounts can usually be obtained, 
either from the publishers or dealers. 

Maryland: The History of a Palatinate. Revised Edition. By 
William Hand Browne. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. $1.25. pp. 292. 
This is the most valuable single book for the schoolroom. 

Maryland as a Proprietary Province. By Newton D. Mereness. The 
Macmillan Company. New York, 1901. $3.00 net. pp.530. A very valuable 
book ; contains the charter of the province and bibliography. 

The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate. By Clayton 
Colman Hall. John Murphy Co. Baltimore, 1902. $1.25. pp. 216. Six 
lectures delivered at the Johns Hopkins University ; interesting and valuable 
for the schoolroom. 

George and Cecilius Calvert. By William Hand Browne, in series, 
"Makers of America."' Dodd. Mead & Co. New York. $1.00. pp. 181. 
An interesting and critical account of the first two Barons Baltimore. 

McSherry's History of Maryland. Edited and continued by B. B. 
James. The Baltimore Book Co. Baltimore. $3.50. pp. 420. A very use- 
ful book for schools. 

History of the United States. By Henry William Elson. The Mac- 
millan Co. New York. $1.75. 

Institutions and Civil Government of Maryland. By Bernard C. 
Steiner. Ginn & Co. Boston. $100. This book, having been adopted as a 
text by the State Board of Education, will probably be found in every school- 
room. It is very useful for reference. 

Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. By John Fiske. Houghton, Mifflin 
& Co. Boston. $4.00. 2 Vols. pp. 318 and 421. Valuable for its lucid and 
entertaining style, and for containing the history of the sister colonies, Vir- 
ginia and Carolina. It is also very useful for the excellent account of the life 
of the people in colonial times. 

Men, Women and Manners in Colonial Times. By Sydney George 
Fisher. The J. B. Lippincott Co. Philadelphia. $1.80 net. 2 Vols. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



347 



pp. 391 and 393. 104 pages in Vol. II are given to an interesting account of 
Maryland. Like Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors it contains much 
other material useful both in the history of Maryland and the history of the 
United States. 

The Beginners of a Nation. By Edward Eggleston. U. Appleton & 
Co. New York. $1.50. Pages 220-265 ^'"^ devoted to Maryland; the author 
takes the less favorable view of the Calvert policy of toleration, but the account 
is a careful summary. 

The Colonial Cavalier, or Southern Life before the Revolution. 
By Maud Wilder Goodwin. Little, Brown & Co. Boston. $2.00. An ex- 
cellent account of the life of the people of Maryland and Virginia in colonial 
times. Probably no more suitable book for the schoolroom, on this subject, 
is obtainable ; it is valuable in classes studying United States history as well 
as in those studying Maryland. 

The Sun Almanac. Printed annually by the Baltiinore Sun, contains 
much useful statistical matter, lists of officers, and current history. It is dis- 
tributed gratuitously to subscribers, and several copies ought to be easily ob- 
tainable for any school. 

Maryland as it Is. By N. E. Foard. Published by order of the Board 
of Public Works, 1904. Sun Job Printing Office, Baltimore. 



Additional Works 

For teachers and others who desire to make a more thorough study of 
Maryland history the following works are suggested. It is hardly necessary 
to say that the list is not exhaustive. Books that are out of print can some- 
times be purchased from second-hand dealers, and in most cases may be con- 
sulted at the large libraries. Perhaps few will care to study the entire list, 
but it is extended in order that information may be readily obtained on any 
particular phase of the subject desired. A few useful works of fiction are 
included. 

Chronicles of Colonial Maryland.^ By James Walter Thomas. The 
Baltimore Book Co. Baltimore. $5.00. Contains an elaborate map of St. 
Mary's and vicinity in the early days. 

Historical View OF the Government of Maryland. By John V. L. 
McMahon. The Gushing Co. Baltimore. $2.50. 

The Furniture of Our Forefathers (Vol. I, Virginia and the 
South). By Esther Singleton. Doubleday, Page & Co. New York. $2.00. 
(Complete in eight parts, $16.00.) The work contains numerous handsome 
plates and an inventory of the possessions of Governor Leonard Calvert. 



348 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

History of Maryland (to 1658). By John Leeds Bozman. 2 Vols. 
Out of print. An exhaustive work. 

Founders of Maryland, and Terra Marle. By E. D. Neill. Both 
out of print. 

History of Maryland (to 1880). By J. Thomas Scharf. Three large vol- 
umes. Out of print. This is the most extensive work on Maryland history. 
Unfortunately, it is not always critical. One extremely valuable feature of the 
work is frequent and lengthy quotations from letters, pamphlets, and other 
original documents. 

Chronicles of Baltimore. By J. Thomas Scharf. Out of print. 

Studies in the History of Early Maryland. By Theodore C. Gam- 
brail. Out of print. 

The Ancient City. (A history of Annapolis.) By Elihu S. Riley. 
Annapolis. $1.50. 

Maryland: Its Resources, Industries, and Institutions. Prepared 
by members of the Johns Hopkins University and others in 1893, for the 
Maryland Board of Managers of the World's Fair. 

The admirable series of Johns Hopkins LTniversity Studies in Historical and 
Political Science contains a number of valuable works on Maryland history. 
A complete list may be obtained by addressing the Johns Hopkins Press, Bal- 
timore. The following numbers will be found especially useful : — 

Old Maryland Manors. By J. H. Johnson. First Series, vii. 30c. 

Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States. 
By Herbert B. Adams. Third Series, i. 75c. 

Early Relations of Maryland and Virginia. By J. H. Latane. 
Thirteenth Series, iii and iv. 50c. 

Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689. ^7 Francis E. Sparks. 
Fourteenth Series, xi and xii. 50c. 

Life and Administration of Sir Robert Eden. By Bernard C. 
Steiner. Sixteenth Series, vii-ix. $1.00. 

Early Development of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Project. 
By George W. Ward. Seventeenth Series, ix, x, and xi. 75c. 

Governor Hicks of Maryland and the Civil War. By G. L. Rad- 
cliffe. Nineteenth Series, xi-xii. 50c. 

Beginnings of Maryland. By Bernard C. Steiner. Twenty-first Series, 
viii-x. 75c. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 349 



Publications of the Maryland Historical Society 

A list of these valuable works may be obtained by addressing the Librarian, 
Athenaeum Building, Baltimore, Maryland. The following are especially 
suggested : — 

Fund Publications — 37 Numbers 

2. The First Commander of Kent Island. By S. F. Streeter. 44 
pp. 75c. 

7. Narrative of a Voyage to Maryland. By Father Andrew White. 
128 pp. $2.00. 

15. A Character of the Province of Maryland. By George Alsop. 
(Originally published in 1666.) $5.00. 

18. Foundation of Maryland and Origin of the Act concerning 
Religion. By Bradley T. Johnson. 210 pp. $2.00. 

21. Maryland in Liberia. By J. H. B. Latrobe. 128 pp. $1.50. 

23. The Great Seal of Maryland. By Clayton C. Hall. Four plates. 
$1.25. 

36. Early Maryland Poetry. Ed. by B. C. Steiner. Two plates. 
$1.25. 

Very interesting and valuable also are the selections from the Calvert 
Papers found in numbers 28, 34, and 35. 

Twenty-four volumes of the Archives of Maryland have been published. 
They embrace proceedings of the General Assembly (from 1637), of the ex- 
ecutive council (from 1636), and of the provincial court (from 1637) ; the 
correspondence of Governor Horatio Sharpe ; and papers relating to the Rev- 
olutionary War. The price per volume is $2.50 in paper, $3. 00 in cloth, except 
Vol. XVIII (Muster Rolls of the Revolution), which is $5.00. 

Fiction 

Richard Carvel. By Winston Churchill. The Macmillan Co. New 
York. $1.50. 

A Maryland Manor. By Frederick Emory. F. A. Stokes & Co. 
New York. $1.50. 

The Tower of Wye. By W. H. Babcock. Henry T. Coates & Co. 
Philadelphia. $1.50. 

Kent Fort Manor. By W. H. Babcock. Henry T. Coates & Co. 
Philadelphia. $1.00. 



350 LEADING EVENTS OF MARYLAND HISTORY 

Sir Christopher. By Maud Wilder Goodwin. Little, Brown & Co. 
Boston. $1.50. 

Mistress Brent. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown & Co. Boston. 
$1.50. 

Jack and His Island. By Lucy M. Thruston. Little, Brown & Co. 
Boston. $1.20 net. 

Rob of the Bowl. By John P. Kennedy. Out of print. 



Periodical Literature 

Many useful and interesting magazine articles may be found by consulting 
Poole's Index to Periodical Literature. 



INDEX 



The numbers refer to pages. The topics printed in black type are especially intended 
for review references, making it possible to trace certain movements or developments. 



Abolitionists, i68. 

Agriculture, the sole occupation in early 
Maryland, 21, 63-64. 

methods in colonial times, loo-ioi. 

at the present time, 203. 
Altona, 53. 

American Colonization Society, 167. 
Amusements in colonial times, 107-108. 
Annapolis, settlement of, 41. 

becomes capital of Maryland, 62. 

character in early days, 64, 102. 

centre of gayety and fashion, 107-108. 

capital of the United States, 129. 

Washington surrenders his commission 
in State House at, 129. 

loses representation in House of Dele- 
gates, 162. 
Anne Arundel county formed and named, 

41. 
Antietam, battle of, 177. 
Aquarian products of Maryland, in the prov- 
ince, 19, 63. 

in the state, 204-205. 
Archives of the province, 214. 
Ark and Dove, 14. 

Armistead, Major, in command of Fort 
McHenry, 150. 

monument to, 194. 
Art galleries, 215. 

Articles of Confederation, first constitution 
of the U. S., 135. 

Maryland refuses to adopt at first, 135-136. 

adopted by Maryland, 137. 

prove unsatisfactory, 138. 

supplanted by the Constitution, 139. 
Assembly, Legislative, the first, 19. 

of 1638, not representative, proxies, 20. 

35 



Assembly, Legislative, continued. 

of 1639, made representative, 31, 

made bicameral, 32, 49. 

Houses engage in controversy, 58, 72, 82. 

votes gift of 100,000 pounds of tobacco to 
second proprietary, 58. 

asserts popular rights at time of Revolu- 
tion, 85. 

General Assembly of state established, 94. 

sessions made biennial, 163, 

under Constitution of 1867, 184. 

rejects fifteenth amendment to Constitu- 
tion of the U.S., 186. 
Attorney-general of Maryland, 185. 
Augusta Carolina, 17. 

becomes St, Mary's county, 22. 
Australian ballot, 202. 
Avalon, 5. 

Baltimore city, founded, 72. 

Germans immigrate to, 74. 

rapid growth of, 102. 

capital of the U. S., 119, 

leads in fitting out privateers in the Revo- 
lution, 129. 

zeal and patriotism in War of 1812, 146. 

threatened by the British, 147. 

attacked by the British, 149-153. 

called the " Monumental City," 157. 

B. & O. R. R. Co. formed in, 158. 

terminal of first electric telegraph line, 162. 

representation in House of Delegates, 162, 
184. 

Sixth Massachusetts regiment mobbed in, 
172. 

representation in the General Assembly, 
184. 



352 



INDEX 



Baltimore city, cotitlnued. 

judicial system of, 185. 

lower parts are flooded, 186. 

public buildings of, 186-187.-'' 

has first electric railway, 193. 

defense celebrated, 193. 

manufacturing industries, 205. 

commercial center of Maryland, 207. 

public school system, 211, 

great fire of 1904, 215-217. 
Baltimore City College, 211. 
Baltimore clipper ships, 146. 
Baltimore, the cruiser, 197. 
Baltimore, Lord, see Calvert and Proprie- 
tary. 
Baltimore & Ohio railroad, company formed, 
158. 

ground broken, etc., 159. 

completed to the Ohio river, 160. 

partly destroyed during Civil War, 177. 

strike on, 190. 

development of, 208. 

controlled by the Pennsylvania railroad, 
208. 
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, 211-212. 
Bank of Maryland fails, 160. 
Barney, Joshua, appointed to command of 
the Hyder Ally, 129. 

defeats the General Monk, 129. 

in War of 1812, 148. 
Battle Monument, 156. 

Beatty, William, killed at the battle of Hob- 
kirk's Hill, 127. 
Benham, Rear Admiral, 199. 
Bennett, Richard, 43. 
Bernard, Alfred Duncan, 197. 
Bill of Rights, 94. 
Bladensburg, battle of, 148. 
Blakistone's Island, 14. 
Boundaries, charter, 8. 

altered by William Penn, 55. 

altered by surrender of territory to Penn, 
76. 

dispute over, leads to border warfare, 77. 

Mason and Dixon's Line, 78. 

eastern, 78. 

southern and western, 78. 
Biaddock, General, 80. 
Branch, Rev. Henry, 197. 



Brandywine, battle of the, 120. 

Brent, Giles, temporary governor, 35. 

Browning, Louisa, 86. 

Bunker Hill, 90. 

Burgoyne, General, 120. 

Butler, B. F., 173. 

Butler, John, 30. 

Cabot, 2. 

Calvert, Benedict Leonard, governor, 72, 
Calvert, Benedict Leonard, proprietary, 63. 
Calvert, Cecilius, becomes Lord Baltimore, 
6. 

receives charter for Maryland, 6. 

character and plans, 12,53. 

yields to people riglit to propose legisla- 
tion, 21. 

attitude during Civil War in England, 

34- 

policy of religious toleration, 13, 39-40. 

province restored to, after Puritan Revo- 
lution, 45. 

suppresses Fendall's Rebellion, 52. 

death, 53. 
Calvert, Charles, governor of Maryland, 72. 
Calvert, Charles, third Lord Baltimore, ap- 
pointed governor, 52. 

becomes second proprietary, 53. 

character, 53. 

surrounded by difficulties, 56-59. 

voted gift of 100,000 pounds of tobacco by 
the Assembly, 58. 

becomes a mere landlord, 60. 

death, 63. 
Calvert, Charles, fifth Lord Baltimore, 63. 

government of, 72. 

death, 78. 
Calvert, Frederick, becomes sixth Lord Bal- 
timore, 78. 

character, 79. 

death, 86. 
Calvert, George, 3. 

made Baron of Baltimore, 4. 

plan for founding a colony, 5. 

visits Virginia, 5. 

death, 6. 

character, 6. 
Calvert, Leonard, first governor of Mary- 
land, 13. 



INDEX 



353 



Calvert, Leonard, continued. 

captures Kent Island, 30. 

goes to England, 35. 

returns to Maryland, 36. 

flees to Virginia, 36. 

recaptures St. Mary's, 36. 

death, 37. 

character, 37. 

monument to, 194. 
Calvert, Philip, secretary of province, 51. 

governor, 52. 
Camden, battle of, 123. 
Canal, Chesapeake and Ohio, 157. 

Chesapeake and Delaware, 208. 
Capital, see Annapolis and St. Mary's. 
Carraichael, Judge, 175. 
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 87. 

at burning of the Peggy Stewart, 89. 

signs Declaration of Independence, 92. 

breaks ground for Baltimore and Ohio 
railroad, 159. 
Caswell, General, 124. 
Catholics, see Religion. 
Caulk's Field, battle of, 148. 
Census, state, footnote, 202. 
Charles I, becomes king of England, 4. 

tyranny of, 33. 

at war with Parliament, 33. 

beheaded, 33. 
Charles II, becomes king, 34. 

supports proprietary in FendaU's Rebel- 
lion, 52. 
Charleston, captured by the British, 123. 
Charter of Maryland, 6, 8. 
Chase, Samuel, 92. 
City Hall, BaUimore, 186. 
Civil War in England, 32-33. 
Civil War in the United States, proper atti- 
tude toward, 166. 

causes and beginning, 168, 

position of Maryland in, 170. 

progress and termination of, 171-172. 

first bloodshed of, 172. 

conditions in Maryland during, 173-175. 

Maryland troops in, 175-178. 

invasions of Maryland during, 177-178. 
Claiborne, William, character and plans, in- 
fluence on Maryland, 27-28. 

defies the authority of Maryland, 29. 



Claiborne, William, continued. 

sends out the Cockatrice, 29. 

loses Kent Island, 31. 

in alliance with Richard Ingle, 35-36. 

on commission to take charge of Vir- 
ginia, 43. 

overturns Maryland government, 43. 
Clinton, General, 123. 
Cloberry and Company, 30. 
Cochrane, Admiral, 147. 
Cockburn, Admiral, commits depredations 

in the Chesapeake, 147. 
Collectors of duties, king's, 58-59. 
College of electors, 95. 
Colleges and universities of Maryland, 212- 

213. 
Colonial architecture, see Homes. 
Colonial governments, three kinds, 6, 8. 
Columbus, Christopher, i. 
Committees of Observation, 89. 
Comptroller of the treasury, 185. 
Conditions of Plantation, 21. 
Confederate States of America, 170. 
Congress, of the colonies, 90. 
Constitution of Maryland, the charter, 6, 8. 

in 1658, 49. 

first state (1776), 94-95. 

amendments to, 162-163. 

of 1851, 163. 

of 1864, 183. 

of 1867, 184-186. 
Constitution of the U. S., adopted, 139. 

declared supreme law in Maryland, 184. 

fifteenth amendment to, 186. 
Convention, the, in Revolution, 89. 

declares independence of Maryland, 92. 
Convention, commercial, at Annapolis 
(1786), 139. 

constitutional (1787), 139. 

in Maryland adopts Federal Constitution, 
139-140. 
Convicts, transported to colonies, 66. 
Coode, John, 59. 
Cooper, Peter, 159. 
Copley, Sir Lionel, 60. 

death, 61. 
Copper mines in Maryland, 102. 
Corn grown in early Maryland, 23, 65. 

pounded in mortars, 23, 65. 



54 



INDEX 



Corn, cont'mued. 

in Revolutionary times, loo. 

at the present time, 203. 
Cornwallis, Lord, at Long Island, 115. 

at Trenton, 118. 

in command in the South, 123. 

at Camden, 124. 

campaign against Greene, 125. 

surrenders to Washington, 125. 
Cornwallis, Thomas, in battle of the Poco- 
moke, 29. 

releases Ingle, 35. 
Council of Safety, 89. 
Council, governor's in the province, 49. 

under the state, 95. 

abolished, 162. 
Courthouse. Baltimore, 187. 
Cowpens, battle at, 125-126. 

Maryland troops in, 125-126. 
Crabs, 205. 
Cresap, Michael, 130. 
Cresap, Thomas, 77. 
" Critical Period " of American history, the, 

138. 
Cromwell, Oliver, 33-34. 
Cromwell, Richard, 34. 
Cumberland, fort, 81. 

Cumberland city, on site of Fort Cumber- 
land, 81. 

terminal of Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 

157- 
manufacturing industries, 205. 
commercial center of western Maryland, 

208. 

Dancing, 108. 
Davis, Jefferson, 170. 

Declaration of Independence, of the English 
colonies, 90, 92. 

signers for Maryland, 92. 

the Maryland, 92. 
Declaration of Rights, 184. 
Delegates in legislature, in the province, 32. 

in the state, 95, 184. 
Dewey, Admiral, wins battle of Manila bay, 
197. 

president of Schley Court of Inquiry, 199. 

gives dissenting opinion in Schley case, 

2<X). 



Dishes, table, in colonial times, 103. 

Dixie, the, 200. 

Dove, see Ark and Dove. 

Dress in colonial times, 105-107. 

Dulany, Daniel, 86. 

Dunmore, Lord, 122. 

Duquesne, Fort, 80. 

Dutch, occupying Maryland territory, 53. 

Dyer, Captain, 198. 

Early, General, invades Maryland, 178. 
Eden, Robert, governor of Maryland, 86. 

legislates by proclamation, 86. 

leaves Maryland, 90. 
Education, in colonial Maryland, 108. 

public lands granted for, footnote, 137. 

interest in, lollowing the Revolution, 143. 

in South aided by George Peabody, 179. 

in the state, 210-213. 
Election law, in Maryland, 202-203. 
EUicott City, first terminus of the B. & O. R. 
R., 160. 

partly destroyed by a flood, 186. 
Elliott, Jesse Duncan, 146. 
English colonies, 2, 3. 
Enoch Pratt Free Library, 192, 215. 
Episcopal church, established in Maryland, 

61. 
Episcopal clergymen, 61, 102. 
Eutavv Springs, battle of, 125, 128. 

Maryland troops at, 128. 
Evelin, George, agent of Cloberry and Com- 
pany, 30. 

made commander of Kent island under 
Maryland, 30. 

Federal Republican, the, 146. 

Fendall, Josias, appointed governor, 51. 

rebels against the proprietary, 51. 
Financial distresses, 160-161. 
First colonists to Maryland, 13. 
Fleet, Henry, guides first colonists, 17. 

conducts trading expeditions, 28. 
Floods, 186. 
Food, abundance in colonial times, 19, 65, 

104. 
Ford, John D., 198. 
Fort McHenry, location, 149. 

repulses the British fleet, 152-153. 



INDEX 



355 



.Fort Mififlin, 121. 
Fort Washington, 118, 119. 
Fox hunting, 107. 

France, fights with England for control of 
North America, 79-82. 

aids American colonies in Revolution, 120. 
Frederick city, founded, 76. 

captured during Civil War, 178. 

manufacturing industries, 205-206. 

as a commercial center, 208. 
Frederick, Fort, 81, 
French and Indian War, 79-82. 
Frizeli, Susan, 67. 
Front Royal, battle at, 176. 
Fuller, William, 44. 

commands' Puritans in battle of the Severn, 
44. 

in Assembly of 1660, 51. 

Gambling, 107. 
Game, in the province, 19, 65. 
Gates, General, 123. 
General Assembly, see Assembly. 
General Monk, the, 129. 
Geographical Society of Baltimore, 214. 
George III, king of England, 83, 90. 
Germans, immigrate to Maryland in eigh- 
teenth century, 74, 76. 
Germantown, battle of, 120. 

Maryland troops in, 121. 
Gerrard, 40. 

Gettysburg, battle of, 178. 
Gibson William, 159. 

Gilman, Daniel C., president of Johns Hop- 
kins University, 188. 

president of the Geographical Society of 
Baltimore, 214. 
Gist, Mordecai, at battle of Long Island, 115. 

suppresses Tory insurrection, 122. 
Government of Maryland, first, 6-9. 

early changes in, 21. 

reorganized, 37. 

changes to royal province, 60. 

restored to Calverts, 63. 

changes wrought by royal government, 71. 

under Convention and Council of Safety, 
89-90. 

formation of state, 92-95. 

reforms to 185 1, 162-163. 



Government of Maryland, continued. 
under Constitution of 1864, 183. 
under Constitution of 1867, 184-186. 
Governor of Maryland, appointed by pro- 
prietary, 8. 
may approve laws temporarily, 31. 
presides over Assembly, 32. 
duties and powers, 49. 
is made head of state government, 94, 95. 
election of given to the people, term made 

4 years, 163. 
powers and duties under Constitution of 
1867, 185. 
Grant. General, 172, 178. 
Great Seal of Maryland, stolen, 36. 

description of, 38-39. 
Greene, Nathanael, receives command in 
the South, 124. 
campaigns in the South, 124-125. 
order to Williams at Eutaw Springs, 128. 
praises Maryland troops, 128. 
Griffith, William Ridgely, 197. 
Guilford Courthouse, battle at, 125, 127. 
Maryland troops at, 127. 
monument on battle field to Maryland 
Line, 194. 
Gunby, John, at the battle of Guilford Court- 
house, 127. 
at the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 127. 

Habeas Corpus, writ of, explained, 173-174. 

suspended during Civil War, 174. 

opinion on, by Chief Justice Taney, 174. 

resolution of Maryland Assembly on, 174. 
Hager, Jonathan, 76. 
Hagerstown, founded, 76. 

captured during Civil War, 178. 

manufactures of, 205. 

as a commercial center, 208. 
Hanson, John, footnote, 137. 
Harford, Henry, 86. 
Hart, becomes governor, 72. 
Havre de Grace, burned by British, 147. 
Heating of houses in colonial times, 104. 
Henrietta Maria, Maryland named in honor 

of, 5. 
Herbert, James R., in battle of Gettysburg, 
178. 
monument to, 194. 



356 



INDEX 



Herrman, Augustin, footnote, 53. 
Hobkirk's Hill, battle of, 125. 

Maryland troops at, 127-128. 
Hoes of colonial times, 100. 
Homes, in early Maryland, 22, 65. 

in colonial times, 102-105. 
Hood, stamp distributor, 84. 
Hopkins, Johns, 188. 
Horse racing, 107. 
Hospitality in Maryland, 68, 104. 
Howard, John Eager, at the battle of Cow- 
pens, 126. 

assigned to troops to cover Greene's re- 
treat, 127. 

at the battle of Guilford Courthouse, 
127. 

at the battle of Eutaw Springs, 128. 

tribute to by Greene, 128. 

governor of Maryland, 142. 

equestrian statue of, 197. 
Howard, John Eager (grandson of fore- 
going) in Mexican War, 164. 
Howe, General, 115, 120. 
Hundred, division of county, 22. 

St. George's, 23. 
Hyder Ally, the, 129. 

Indented servants, 66. 
Indians, of Maryland, 16. 

Leonard Calvert's dealings with, 16-17. 

Land purchased from, 17. 

Nanticoke and Susquehannocks commit 
outrages, 32. 

threatening, 51. 

methods of warfare, 80. 
Industries of Maryland, in the province, 21- 
24, 63-66, 99-102. 

in the state, 203-206. 

see Agriculture, Aquarian products. Min- 
ing, etc. 
Ingle, Richard, invades Maryland, 36. 
Iron mines of Maryland, 102. 

Jacob Tome Institute, 213. 

James, Duke of York, seizes Maryland terri- 

to'T. 55- 
makes a grant to William Penn, 55. 
becomes king of England, 55. 



James, Duke of York, confi}?ued. 

helps Penn to seize Maryland territory, 

55-56. 
becomes a tyrant and is driven from the 
throne, 56. 
James I, king of England, 3. 

opinion about the rights of kings, 32. 
Jamestown, settlement of, 3. 
Jews, enfranchised, 163.-- 
Johnson, Bradley T., in command of the 
Maryland Line in the Southern army, 
176. 
in battle at Front Royal, 176. 
Johnson, Tliomas, first state governor of 
Maryland, 95. 
nominates Washington for commander-in- 
chief, 113. 
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 188. 
Johns Hopkins University, 188. 

receives state aid, 212-213. 
Joppa, 72. 

Judiciary of Maryland, in the province, 49, 51. 
in the state (1776), 95. 
under Constitution of 1867, 185. 
July the Third, the battle of, 198. 

Kalb, Baron de, 123-124. 
Kenly, John R., in command of Maryland 
troops in Northern army, 175. 
in battle at Front Royal, 176. 
Kent Island, Claiborne establishes a trading 
post on, 28. 
captured by Leonard Calvert, 30. 
awarded to Maryland by Board of Com- 
missioners for the Plantations, 31. 
Key, Francis Scott, composes " Star-span- 
gled Banner," 153. 
monument erected to, 195^ 
King William's School, 62. 

merged in St. John's College, 144. 

Lafayette, Marquis de, 125. 130. 

Landing of first colonists in Maryland, 14, 

17- 
Laws, how made in colony, 31. 
revised code passed by Assembly of 1715, 

71. 
of England against American commerce 
and manufactures, 83. 



INDEX 



357 



Lawyers, of colonial Maryland, 102. 
Learned Societies, 214. 
Lee, Charles, 118. 

at tiie battle of Monmouth, 121. 
Lee, Robert E., 172. 

invades Maryland, 177. 

defeated at South Mountain, 177. 

in battle of Antietam, 177. 

defeated at Gettysburg, 178. 

surrenders, 178. 
Lee, Thomas Sim, 142. 
Lemly, Samuel C, 199. 
Lewger, John, 21, 
Lewis, tried and fined, 40. 
Lexington, battle of, go. 
Liberia, 167-168. 
Libraries, public, 214-215. 
Lighting of houses in colonial times, 104. 
Lincoln, Abraham, elected president, 169. 
Lincoln, General, 123. 
Literature in colonial Maryland, 109. 
London Company, 3. 
Long Island, battle of, 115-116. 

McClellan, General, 177. 
Maine, the, destruction of, 197. 
Manila bay, battle of, 197. 
Manners and customs, in the early days of 
the colony, 21-24. 

in the eighteenth century, 63-68. 

Maryland life in colonial times, 99-111. 

in U. S. after the Revolution, 138. 
Manufacturing industries, 205-206. 
Maryland, named for Queen Henrietta 
Maria, 5, 

character of country at the time of the first 
landing, 15. 

prosperous beginning of, 19. 

becomes a royal province, 60. 

restored to the Calverts, 63. 

becomes an independent state, 92. 

compared with Virginia, 99. 

in the Revolution, 130, 132. 

part in establishing the Federal Union, 
135-140. 

cedes land for Federal capital, 144. 

in War of 1812, 147-153. 

attitude at opening of Civil War, 170- 
171. 



Maryland, continued. 
conditions in during the Civil War, 173- 

175- 

aids South after Civil War, 179. 

present government of, 184-186. 

politics and elections in, 201-203. 

industries of, 203-206. 

commerce and transportation in, 207-208. 

education in, 210-213. 

public school system of, 210-212. 
Maryland Academy of Sciences, 214. 
Maryland Agricultural College, 213. 
Maryland Colonization Society, 167. 
Maryland f^ag, 45. 
Maryland Gazette, the, 109. 

prints controversy between Carroll and 
Diilany, 86-87. 
Maryland Historical Society, 214.-- 

art gallery of, 215. 
Maryland Institute, 213. 
Maryland soldiers, at Long Island, 115-116. 

in Northern campaigns of the Revolution, 
118-119, 121-122. 

at Camden, 124. 

in the Southern campaigns of the Revolu- 
tion, 125-128. 

services in the Revolution, 130, 132. 

in the Mexican War, 164. 

in the Civil War, 175-178, 

in the Spanish- American War, 200. 
Mason and Dixon's Line, 78. 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
land, 214. 
Merryman, John, 173. 
Mexican War, the, 163-164. 

Maryland soldiers in, 164. 

monument to, footnote, 163. 
Mining industries, in the province, 102. 

in the state, 203-204. 
Monmouth, battle of, 121. 

Maryland troops in, 121-122. 
Monument, to George Washington, 155. 

Battle Monument, 156. 

to Colonel Armistead, 194. 

to Leonard Calvert, 194. 

to General Herbert, 194. 

at Guilford Courthouse, 194. 

to Maryland's 400 at Long Island, 195. 

to General Smallwood, 195. 



358 



INDEX 



Monument, cotifinued. 

to F. S, Key, 195. 

to Marylanders who aided the cause of 
freedom during the Revolution, 195, 197. 
Morgan,General, at the battle of Cowpens, 126. 
Morse, Samuel F. B., 162. 

Neale, Councilor, releases Ingle, 35. 

Nepotism in the province, 57. 

New Amstel, 53. 

Nicholson, Commodore, 129. 

Nicholson, Francis, becomes governor, 62. 

founds King William's School, 62. 

efforts for education, 62, 210. 
Ninety-six, siege of, assault by troops of 

Maryland and Virginia at, 128. 
Non-Importation Association, 85, 87. 
North, the, life and customs differ from those 
of the South, 99. 

slavery abolished in, 167. 

controversy with South over slavery, 168. 

defeats the armies of the South, 172. 
North America, struggle for between Eng- 
lish and French, 79-82. 
North Point, battle of, 150-152. 
Northwest Territory, 136. 

conflicting claims of states, 136. 

map of land claims in 1783, 136. 

map of in 1787, 140. 

interest in preserves the Union, 136. 

stand taken by Maryland makes a national 
domain and founds Federal Union, 137, 

lands from set aside for education, foot- 
note, 137. 

Occupations in colonial times, 99-102. 

Ogle, Samuel, 72. 

Ohio Company, 80. 

" Old Congress Hall," 119. 

Old Treasury Building, footnote, 62. 

Oregon, the, 200. 

Oysters, 65, 204. 

Paca William, 92. 

governor of Maryland, 142. 
Palatinate, Maryland a, 8. 

meaning, 8, 9. 

Durham model for Maryland, 9. 
Palmer's Island, occupied by traders, 28. 



Parker, Sir Peter, 148. 

Peabody, George, supports Maryland credit, 
161. 
contributes to the cause of education in 

the South, 179. 
endows the Peabody Institute, 182. 
contributes to the Maryland Historical 

Society, 214. 
not a native of Maryland, 183. 
Peabody Institute, dedicated, 182. 
library of, 215. 
art gallery of, 215. 
Peggy Stewart, burning of the, 87, 89. 
Penn, William, is granted Pennsylvania, 54- 

55- 
gains territory from Maryland, 55. 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 208. 
People of Maryland, character of, 67-68, 

III. 
Peter Cooper's Locomotive, 159. 
Philadelphia, " finest city in Maryland," jy. 
captured by the British, i2o<- 
evacuated by the British, 121. 
Plows, of colonial times, 100. 
Pocomoke, battle of the, 29. 
Poe, Edgar Allan, 189-190. 
Political parties, 201. 

Politics and elections in Maryland, 201-203. 
Poll tax in Maryland, 61. 
Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, 211-212. 
Popular Privileges and Rights, charter 
grants to Marylanders the rights of Eng- 
lishmen, 8. 
exemption of the colony from royal taxa- 
tion, 8. 
struggle for the privilege of proposing leg- 
islation, 19-21. 
Assembly contends for, 58, 72. 
demand for the rights and privileges of 

Englishmen, 72, 84. 
contention for during French and Indian 

War, 82. 
asserted at time of Revolution, 85, 87, 89, 

92. 
Maryland becomes a state, 92, 94. 
state government formed, 94-95. 
democratic changes, 162-163. 
stated in Maryland Declaration of Rights, 
184. 



INDEX 



359 



Population of Maryland at the time of the 

Revolution, 99. 
Pory, John, conducts trading expeditions, 28. 
Postoffice, Baltimore, 186. 
Potomac Company, formed, 143. 

merged in C. & O. Canal Co., 143. 
Pratt, Enoch, 192. 
Privateers, American, in the Revolution, 129. 

in the War of 1812, 146. 
Professional schools, 213. 
Property qualifications, tor voters and office 
holders, 95. 
abolished, 163. 
Proprietary, rights and powers of, 8, 49. 
becomes a mere landlord, 60. 
is restored to Maryland government, 63. 
Protestants, see Religion. 
Protestant Association, 59. 
Protestant Revolution (1689), 59-60. 
Providence, settlement of, 41. 
Provincial Court, 51. 

Public Improvements, plans of Potomac 
Co., 142-143. 
Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 157. 
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 157-160. 
aided by the state, 161. 
first telegraph line, 162. 
Public Schools, see Education. 
Pulaski, Count, 130. 
Puritans, settle in Maryland, 40. 
granted freedom of worship, 41. 
rebel against Lord Baltimore, 42-45. 
surrender province to proprietary, 45. 
control assembly of 1660, 51. 

Quakers, s^, 58. 

Ramsay, Rear Admiral, 199. 
Ramsey, Nathaniel, 121-122. 
Rawdon, Lord, at Camden, 124. 
Rayner, Isidor, 199, 200. 
Redemptioners, see Indented Servants. 
Reed, Philip, in command at Caulk's Field, 
148. 

monument, 148. 
Religion, meaning of religious intolerance, 4. 

of first Maryland colonists, 13. 

Protestants and Catholics in Maryland, 37. 

Toleration Act, 39-40. 



Religion, continued. 

Puritan intolerance, 42-45. 

difficulty with Quakers, 51. 

feeling against Catholics, 57. 

Episcopal church established by law, 61. 

severe laws against Catholics, 61. 
Religious Toleration in Maryland, 13. 

Toleration Act, 39-40, 

Protestants protected, 40. 

Puritans granted freedom of worship, 41. 
Remsen, Ira, 188. 
Republican party, 201, 
" Repudiation Day," footnote, 85. 
Resources of Western Maryland, 142. 
Revolutionary War, causes of, 83-85. 

task of the Americans in, 114. 

naval operations in, 128-129. 

close of, 129-130. 
Maryland in the, 113-132. 
Ridgley, Randolph, 164. 
Ringgold, Samuel, 164. 
" Rolling roads," 64-65. 
Roosevelt, President, 200. 
Ross, General, arrives in the Chesapeake, 148. 
captures Washington, 149. 
killed, 150, 152. 
Rousby, Christopher, killed, 58. 
Rumsey, James, footnote, 140. 

St. Clement's Island, 14. 

St. John's College, founded, 143. 

receives state aid, 212. 
St. Mary's, first capital of Maryland, 17, 

location and settlement, 17. 

ceases to be capital, 62. 

character of town, 64. 
Sampson, Rear Admiral, 198. 
Schley, Thomas, 74. 

Schley, Winfield Scott, second in command 
in Cuban waters, 198. 

in battle of July the Third, 198- 

Court of Inquiry, 199. 

appeals to the president, 200. 

received popular sympathy, 200. 
Schools, see Education. 
Scotch-Irish immigrants, 76. 
Scott, Irving M., 201. 
Secession, meaning of, 169. 

threats of after the Revolution, 169. 



36o 



INDEX 



Secession, continued. 

threats of from New England states, 145. 
differences of opinion about, 169. 
Southern states secede, 170. 
Secretary of the province, 49. 
Secretary of state, 185. 
Senate, see Senators. 
Senators, chosen by electoral college, 95. 
elected by the people, 163. 
under Constitution of 1867, 184. 
Servants, see Slaves and Indented Servants. 
Severn, battle of the, 44-45. 
Shad, 205. 

Sharpe, Horatio, governor of Maryland, 81. 
efforts in the French and Indian War, 81. 
contends with Assembly, 82, 85. 
succeeded by Robert Eden, 86. 
Sixth Massachusetts regiment mobbed in 

Baltimore, 172. 
Slaves, negroes as, 66, 104-105. 

retained in South, freed in North, 166-167. 
proportion of to free negroes in Maryland, 

167. 
efforts in South for gradual emancipation, 

167. 
plan of colonizing, 167. 
controversy over between North and 
South, 168. 
Smallwood, William, absent from battle of 
Long Island, 115. 
suppresses Tory insurrection, 122. 
governor of Maryland, 142. 
monument to, 195. 
Smith, Samuel, defense of Foit Mifflin, 121. 
in command at Baltimore (1814), 150. 
suppresses riots in Baltimore, 161. 
Smith, Thomas, arrested in the Patuxent 
river for trading without a license, 29. 
commands vessel of Claiborne in a fight 

with Marylanders, 29. 
stirs up trouble in Kent Island, 30. 
condemned to death, 31. 
Society, in colonial Maryland, 21-24, 63-68, 

99-1 1 1. 
Sons of the American Revolution, Maryland 
Society of, mark site of " Old Congress 
Hall." 119. 
erect monument to Maryland's 400 in 
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, 195. 



Sons of the American Revolution, cont'mued. 
erect monument to General Smallwood, 

195- 

erect Maryland Revolutionary Monument, 
195-196. 
Sons of Liberty, 85. 

South, the life and customs different from 
those of the Nortii, 99. 

slavery in, 167. 

controversy with North over slavery, 168. 

states of secede, 170. 

aided by Maryland after Civil War, 179. 
Southern Relief Association, 179, 
South Mountain, battle of, 177. 
Spaniards in the New World, 2. 
Spanish-American War, the, 197-201. 
Stamp Act, the, 84. 
Star-spangled Banner, the, 153. 
State Library, 214. 
State of Society, see Manners and Customs 

and Society. 
Steamboat, the, of James Rumsey, footnote, 

140. 
Steiner, Bernard C, 192. 
Steiner, Lewis H., 192. 
Stevens, General, 124. 
Stewart, Anthony, 87-88. 
Stirling, General, in battle of Long Island, 

116. 
Stone, Thomas, 92. 
Stone, William, appointed governor, 37. 

invites Puritans to Maryland, 40. 

in the Puritan Revolution, 43-45. 
Strieker, General, in command of Baltimore 

militia, 150. 
Suffrage, in Maryland, property qualification 
for, 95. 

qualification abolished, 163. 

granted to Jews, 163. 

oaths prescribed for voters, 183. 

under Constitution of 1867, 186, 202. 
Swedes, in Maryland, 53. 

Talbot, George, kills Christopher Rousby, 58. 

rescued from prison, 59. 

pardoned by king, 59, 
Taney, Chief Justice, 173. 
Tarleton, Colonel, at Camden, 124. 

at the battle of Cowpens, 126. 



INDEX 



361 



Taxation, English principle of, 83. 

Maryland exempted from taxation by Eng- 
lish government, 8, 83. 
Tea, taxed, 85, 87. 
Telegraph, first, 162. 
Terrapin, the diamond-back, 205. 
Theater, first in America claimed by An- 
napolis, 108. 
Thomas, Philip E., fitst president of the 

Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 159. 
Tobacco, the staple in Maryland, 23. 

used as money, 23, 51, 53, 65-66, 99. 

overproduction, 52. 

rolling roads, 64-65. 

trade, 23, 64. 

export of, loi. 

method of cultivation, loi. 

raised at present time, 203. 
Toleration Act, the, 39. 

Puritan, 44. 
Tome Institute, 213. 
Tories in Somerset and Worce"ster countie-, 

122. 
Towns, slow growth in the early days, 64, 
72. 

growth in later colonial times, 102. 
Towson, Nathan, 146. 

town of Towson named for, footnote, 146. 
Trade, with England in early times, 23. 

with Indians for furs, 23. 

at plantation " landings," loi. 

export in Revolutionary times, 100. 

need of trade route to Western Maryland, 
142, I5S- 

Chesapeake and Ohio canal built for 
Western trade, 157. 

Baltimore and Ohio railroad built for 
Western trade, 158. 
Travel, in early Maryland, 68. 
Treasurer, of Maryland, 185. 

Valley Forge, 121. 
Virginia, founded, 3. 

made a royal colony, 5. 

colony jealous of Maryland, 27. 

declares against the Calvert claim to Mary- 
land, 28-29. 

takes side of king in civil war, 42. 

loses in disputes with Maryland, 45. 



Virginia, continued. 

troops in the Revolution, 119, 121-122, 125- 
128. 

cedes land for Washington city, 144. 
Voyage of first colonists to Maryland, 14. 

Wallace, Lew, defeated on the Monocacy, 

178. 
Walters, Henry, 215. 
Walters' Art. Gallery, 215. 
War of 1812, causes, 145. 

declared, 145, 

attitude of Maryland in, 145-146. 

military operations of, 146. 

naval operations of, 146. 

in Maryland, 147-153. 

ended by treaty of peace (18 14), 153. 
Warfield, Charles Alexander, 89. 
Warfield, Edwin, 197, 202. 
Warren, Ratcliffe, 29. 
Washington city, founded, 144. 

made capital of the U. S., 144. 

captured by the British, 149. 

terminal of first telegraph line, 162. 
Washington Monument, 155, 156. 
Washington, George; sent to Fort Duquesne, 
80. 

commander-in-chief of American army, 

113- 

character, 113. 

retreats through New Jersey, ii8. 

captures Trenton, 118. 

receives extraordinary powers, 119. 

at Brandywine and Germantown, 120. 

at Monmouth, 121. 

receives surrender of Cornwallis at York- 
town, 125. 

surrenders his commission to Congress, 
129. 

writes letter of thanks to Mrs. Lee of 
Maryland, 130. 

president of Constitutional Convention, 

139- 
president of the U. S., 139. 
president of the Potomac Co., 143. 
selects site for Washington city, 144.' 
Washington, William, at the battle of Cow- 
pens, 126. 
Washington College, founded, 143, 



362 



INDEX 



Watson, William H., 164. 
Webster, Colonel, 124. 
Western Maryland College, 212. 
Wheat, grown in early Maryland, 23, 65. 

raised extensively and exported, 99, 100. 

grown in the state, 203. 
White, Father Andrew, writes narrative of 
the voyage to Maryland, 13. 

missionary to Indians, 22. 
Whyte, William Pinkney, 194. 
William and Mary, king and queen of Eng- 
land, 56. 

make Maryland a royal province, 60. 



Williams, Otho Holland, covers Greene's 
retreat through the Carolinas, 127. 
at Eutaw Springs, 128. 
Winder, William H., 148. 
Women of Maryland, duties on plantations, 
103. 
dress in colonial times, 105-106. 
characteristics of in the colony, 106. 
during the Revolution, 130. 



Yeo, a clergyman, 56. 

Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, 125. 



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